Bring Your Own Device System: Pros and Cons

Bring Your give Device System Pros and ConsTable of Contents (Jump to) demonstrationAdvantage of victimization BYODRisks of exploitation a BYOD SystemHow to build a Secure BYOD policy1. filter out a survey2. How does employees use their device on the aid net moldSuggested BYOD PolicyAccess Control/ Acceptable UseRoles and responsibilitiesDevices and SupportSecurityTermination of employmentISO standards to followBenefits of use ISO 27002Reference listBibliographyIntroductionCalathumpian Group is facing a major information integrity issue, the CEO is concern about the way second information ar treated. The friendship is bothows BYOD (Bring Your have got Device) system which means that employees can use their personal laptops , smartphones or tablets on the workplace for their daily workload and to connect to the corporate internet (Webopedia.com 2015).Advantage of using BYODMaximise profit by trim back personnel hardware speak toThe purpose of all organisation is to maximi se profit while minimising expenses, BYOD allows minimum-zero technology cost since there is no purchase cost for employees working(a) device and maintenance cost for the devices.Improve employees performanceBYOD improves employees performance and efficiency at work as by allowing them to use their personal devices with which they use also for recreational or home purpose, they developed automatism that increase their productivity. Tasks and operations are completed quicker (Workforce 2014).Reduce hardware alienationBYOD helps to keep employees homelike in their working environment, since they know how to operate with their work devices. For example for a new employee, its wear to work with a device he/she knows than gather devices as they lead have to be trained.Risks of using a BYOD SystemSoftware incompatibilityEmployees working on different versions of OS or software tools can cause information being not accessible or shared. This is not efficient and lop data access.Distr actionsEmployees usually have their favourite apps, games or series infix on their laptops or smartphones, these entertainment may distract employees during their working hours thus reducing their performance. For example employees checking their Facebook account every 20 minutes.SecuritySecurity is the major problem with BYOD systems, as it puts all your cooperate data in jeopardize. As all employees will certainly use their devices out stance the workplace, if they are infected by a virus or targeted by a hacker and connect to the cooperate network, the whole network will be affected and important data may be corrupted, stolen or deleted.How to build a Secure BYOD policy1. Carry out a surveyI order to build an effective BYOD policy, we have to analysis what type of devices are being use on the cooperate network. A survey through with(p) by the Forresters Forrsights Workforce Employee shows that smartphones and tablets are among the most used device on the workplace, the laptop being the most used device, as illustrated on the image 1, (InfoSec Institute 2013).2. How does employees use their device on the cooperate networkWe have to analyse what processes are make by employees on the network, this will enables the BYOD policy to match the business operations. For example Are they using skype to connect foreign suppliers, what software applications are being used, what mobile application is using the WIFI system to operate. This analysis will help to developed word sense criteria and limitations for the BYOD policy.Suggested BYOD PolicyIn order to solve the situation Calathumpian Group is facing we will developed a BYOD Policy that can be implemented in the organisations system. The report will contain policy about acceptance use, User responsibilities, Cooperate IT Responsibilities, Devices and Support, Privacy Policy and Security Policy, we will keep the report simple and easy to understand in order to make the writ of execution of the Policy system be tter.Calathumpians employees essential agree to the following policies in order to connect their devices to the cooperate network. If they fail to abide to the policies the company reserves the just to disconnect them to the network and press further charges. These policies are implemented for the well-running of the organisation by enforcing trade protection and protect cooperate data.The template of Megan Berry (2015) will be used to develop the BYOD policy, it is simple and very comprehensive template (Itmanagerdaily.com 2015).Access Control/ Acceptable UseActivities that are productive to the business are considered as acceptable.Certain websites will be blocked on the network for the employees during working hours, only before and after the working hours that these websites will be accessible. This will embolden employees to be on time. Such websites relates toSocial Networks (Facebook, Twitter, Instagram, Google +, etc)Video Games colligate websiteBetting websitePornograp hicTorrentsStreaming websitesThe network will only allow a circumscribed amount of software tool to use internet or allowed connection to the network, this will decrease the risks of propagating viruses on other connected devices.Mobile apps that are allowed on the network are emails , messaging apps (such as WhatsApp , Viber , Messaging , Skype) , system updatesMobile apps that are blocked includes iTunes , Google Play , Apps Store , Mobile Games and Social networking appsRoles and responsibilitiesDividing responsibilities in the company helps to maintain a certain hierarchy and determine how should do what and when. In order to solve the problem Calathumpian Group is facing, roles and responsibilities must be implemented so that the employees knows what are expected from them. In this cuticle a structured IT department is needed.IT Security ManagerSince the CEO of the Group might not be comfortable with IT department due to his age, it is better to choose some who is qualified for this job. The IT Security manager will be in charge for the creation and maintenance of the BYOD policy. This involves the risk management, security management and enforcing the BYOD policy.Human resource managerThe HR manager will be trustworthy for the comprehension of the BYOD policy inside the company. His job is to disc everywhere that the employees understand their commitment.IT departmentThis department will provide help for the employees regarding the BYOD policy. For example when an employee terminate his contract with the company, the IT department is responsible for the deletion of sensible information regarding the company. They are also responsible for the implementation of hardware policies such as block websites and some mobile application, antivirus configuration (Auto scan on power on), maintenance of the network and other processes.All employeesAll employees must abide to the set of rules and regulations rescue in the BYOD policy, not respecting it will cau se sanctions from the organisation as they are place the companys information at risks.Devices and SupportMobile operating system such as IPhone (4, 4S, 5, 6), humanoid devices (KitKat and Lollipop), Blackberry and Windows phone are allowed only.Android tablets and IPad are allowedThe IT department is not responsible for any device software or hardware failureThe IT department has the right to take the mac verbalize of every device connected to the network, for security purpose. The mac address will help the IT department to apply certain restriction to specific employeesSecurityTo prevent unauthorised access to devices, employees must use strong passwords to protect their devices. A strong passwords is categories asHaving at least 8 charactersCombination of lower and upper berth case letterMust include at least two digitsCannot contain symbolsEmployees must change their passwords every 60 weeksEvery time an employee parting his work place, he/she must automatically lock his/he r device to prevent unauthorised access.Employees must encrypt their information such as emails , documents and other filesEmployee must hand over their devices to the IT department in order to connect to the networkTermination of employmentIn order to prevent cooperate information to be accessible when an employee leaves the organisation for a particular reason, the later must benefaction the device used on the network for inspection. The IT department will be responsible for that (Shrm.org 2015), they will delete all company related data on the device.ISO standards to followA standard is a document that provides requirements, specifications, guidelines or characteristics that can be used consistently to ensure that materials, products, processes and services are fit for their purpose. We published over 19500 International Standards that can be purchased from the ISO store or from our members Tools and techniques (Iso.org 2015)In this case the ISO standard that best suit the probl em of Calathumpian Group is the ISO/IEC 27002, which focus on information security management. This standards helps to maintain information such as employee details, cooperate financial report or other cooperate related information.Benefits of using ISO 27002Risk managementFind potential riskHelps to eliminate themSecurity policiesInformation security managementResource managementHR securityPhysical securityCommunications managementAccess control hap response management (SearchSecurity.co.UK 2015)Tools and TechniquesIncident ResponseReference listInfoSec Institute,. 2013. Importance Of A BYOD Policy For Companies Infosec Institute.http//resources.infosecinstitute.com/byod-policy-for-companies/.Itmanagerdaily.com,. 2015. BYOD Policy Template.http//www.itmanagerdaily.com/byod-policy-template/.SearchSecurity.co.UK,. 2015. What Is ISO 27001? Definition From Whatis.Com.http//searchsecurity.techtarget.co.uk/definition/ISO-27001.Shrm.org,. 2015. Electronic Devices Bring Your Own Device (BYOD) Policy.http//www.shrm.org/templa adjudicateools/samples/policies/pages/bringyourowndevicepolicy.aspx.Webopedia.com,. 2015. What Is Bring Your Own Device (BYOD)? Webopedia.http//www.webopedia.com/TERM/B/BYOD.html.Workforce, The. 2014. The Pros And Cons Of Bring-Your-Own-Device (BYOD) For A Mobile FieldWorkforce MSI Data. MSI Data. http//www.msidata.com/pros-and-cons-of-byod-in-mobile-field-workforce.Bibliography1 PageSensoneural Hearing Loss Features of PatientsSensoneural Hearing Loss Features of PatientsPermanent nonreversible and bilateral assymetrical sensorineural hearing loss Clinical, vestibular, audiological and radiological evaluation.AbstractThe aim of this airfield was to evaluate the clinical, vestibular, audiological and radiological features of patients with permanent unilateral and assymetrical sensoneural hearing loss (SNHL). real(a) and methods Twenty eight patients with either permanent unilateral and asymmetrical bilateral SNHL,diagonosed by means of pur e tone audiometry(PTA) have been submitted to clinical,vestibular, audiological and radiological evaluation.Results Total 20 eight patients with male female ratio of 2.11 were analysed. 22 (78.57%)patients had unilateral and 6(21.43%)patients had bilateral asymmetrical SNHL.Right left ratio in cases of unilateral SNHLwas 0.831. Both tinnitus and vertigo was bow in 12(42.95%)patients and absent in 10 (35.8%)patients.On otoscopy tympanic membrane was intact in all cases.PTA showed profound loss in majority of cases.Tone downslope was done in11 patients and was ordinary in all cases.Cold calorie was done in 27 patients and was absent in 7(25.9%)patients ,hypoactive in 8(29.6%)patients.MRI study was done in 9 patients.Out of 9,7 were normal and rest two showed positive findings.Conclusion Proper clinical, vestibular and audiological work up is important before radiological investigation is sought to increase diagonostic engender and cost effectiveness in unilateral, bilateral (asym metrical)SNHL.INTRODUCTIONAlthough a commonly encountered diagnosis by otolaryngolist, unilateral SNHL represents a difficult clinical entity for the specialist. Whereas the diagnosis is slow obtained by PTA, diagonosis of cause and treatment represents the complexity of this clinical situation. Further complicating work up is the evergrowing cost for laboratory and radiological studies(1).Reiss M (1994) carried out study for differential coefficient diagnosis of unilateral hearing loss(2).Hendrix RA(1990) carried out study on asymmetrical sensoneural hearing loss.(3).Asymetrical hearing loss is the difference of more than 10 db averaged over the frequencies 0.5,1,2 and 4Khz or 20 db or more at any single frequency(4).A recent study has suggested a rule 3000 where in asymmetry of 15 db or more at 3000Hz require a MRI. If less than 15 db, a biannual audiometric follow up is sufficient(13).In present study, we present clinical, vestibular ,audiological and radiological features of p atients with either permanent unilateral SNHL or asymmetrical hearing loss.MATERIAL AND METHODSThis prospective study was conducted in the department of Otorhinolaryngology,government medical college,Srinagar,Kashmir on 28 patients, consisting both pediatric and adult patients from December 2013 to May 2014.After taking history about hearing loss and associated symptoms, otoscopy and PTA, patients were subjected to audiological and vestibular evaluation. Radiological investigation(MRI) was done in selected group of patients because of financial and other reasons. Sex distribution, laterality, audiological, vestibular and radiological findings are presented in tables1-6.RESULTSA total of 28 patients were included in present study. Out of 28 patients,19 were males and 9 were females with male to female ratio of 2.11.(table 1).Involvement of left ear was more common than right and 6 patients (21.42%) had bilateral asymmetrical loss(table2).Vertigo and tinnitus was associated symptoms i n 12 patients(42.95) and 10patients(35.8%) presented with hearing without associated symptoms(table3).Tone decay test was normal in all tested patients.(table4).Cold calorie test was hypo- active in 8 patients(29.6%) and absent in 7 patients(25.9%)(table5).Radiological findings were normal in 7 out of 9 patients(table6).DISSCUSSIONWe describe 28 patients of unilateral and asymmetrical SNHL which were clinically ,audiologically and radiologically evaluated. Male preponderance was observed in the present study which is consistent to other study.(5). In studies by Cadoni G etal(2005) and Stefano Berrettini(2013), both have female preponderance which is in contrast to present study(6,7). In present study,left ear was more affected as compared to right which is in consistant to study done by Stefano Berrettini(2013).(7).In our study tinnitus is present in 14 patients(50.09%) and vertigo is present in 16 patients(59.3%). Study done by Stefano Berrettini showed tinnitus was present in 87% and vertigo in 44% cases(7). In present study, Tone decay test(TDT) was done in 11 patients.TDT was not done inpatients having profound SNHL. In all patients in which TDT was done ,results were normal. P.L.Bhatia (1969) etal in his study used TDT for diagonosis of retro cochlear pathology(8). It helps in diagonosing neural lesions quite accurately(9).In our study vestibular place test (cold calorie test) was done in all patients except one.CCT was absent(no response) in 7 patients(25.9%) and hypoactive in 8 patients(29.6%).Stafano Berrettini etal used calorie stimulation test in his study(7). Although the findings of decreased vestibular function on calorie scrutiny in ipsilateral side to a SNHL historically has been usefull in suggesting the diagonosis of vestibular schwannoma. But at present ,it is not nice enough tobe helpful diagonostically for vestibular schwannoma because a small inferior vestibular nerve schwannoma might not cause an abnormal calorie response(10).Hypoactiv ity of the affected side is seen in meineres disease(11).In present study,patients having hypoactive calorie test or absent calorie test or in whom tone decay test could not be done due to profound hearing loss were subjected to radiological investigation(MRI).One patient on MRI showed micro haemorrhages in left peritrigonal state and other patient on MRI showed vestibular schwannoma.MRI is now the recommended investigation for diagonosis of retrocochlear pathology.(2,12).MRI scanning with Gagolinium will identify virtually all tumours and was considered to be gold standard(14).Recently T2-weighted betting spin echo MRI has been found to be sensitive and less expensive than gadolinium enhanced standard MRI(15).CONCLUSIONClinical ,audiological and vestibular testing is important in diagonostic workup of unilateral and asymmetric hearing before radiological investigation is done to decrease economic burden and to increase diagonostic yield from distinct radiological investigations. REFERENCES1.Jacques Peltier.Grand rounds presentation,UTMB,Dept. of Otolaryngology Nov10,2004.2.Reiss M,Reiss G. Differential diagonosis of unilateral hearing loss.Praxis .2000.Feb 389(6)241-247.3.Hendrix R A,De Dio RM,Scalajani AP.The use of diagonostic testing in asymmetrical SNHL. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surgery.1990 oct103(4)593-8.4. David M Baguley.Age related SNHL.Chapter238 a.Scott Browns vol 3 seventh Edition.5.Prognostic factors of sudden SNHL in diabetic patients.Diabetes care October 2004 vol.27 no10 2560-1.6.Cadoni G etal.Sudden SNHLOur experience in diagonosis, treatment and outcome.J.Otolaryngol.2005 Dec34(6)395-401.7.Stefano B.etal.Analysis of 3-D(FLAIR) sequence in Idiopathic SSNHL.JAMA Otolaryngol detail and neck mathematical process vol 139(no.5)May 2013.8.P.L.Bhatia.A Sinha. Tone decay test A simple and reliable audiological test.Laryngoscope vol79 issue 11 page no 1879-90.Nov 1969.9.Anirban Biswass.Tone decay test. Clinical and vestibulometry.Fourth Edition.10. G lasscock-Shambauugh.Surgery of the ear.Chapter 32.Fifth Edition.11.Abir K Bhattacharya, Jabin thaj. Investigation protocol for SNHL. Otorhinolaryngology Clinics An international Journal,may-aug 20102(2)107-11212.Mahillon V. Diagonostic management of unilateral SNHL in adults.Rev med Brux 2003 Feb24(1) 15-1913.Saliba I, Martineau G,Chagnon M.Asymmetric hearing loss Rule 3000 for screening vestibular schwannoma. Otol Neurotol 2009 jun 30(4) 515-52114.Fergusion etal. Efficiency of tests used to screen cp careen tumours A prospective study.Br J Audiol 1996,jun 30(30)159-7615. Shelton C. etal. Fast spin echo MRI Clinical application in screening for acoustic neuroma. Otolaryngol Head neck surgery 1996114(1)71-76Table1 Sex distribution of patients (n=28)Table 2 Laterality of involved ear of patients (n=28)Table 3 Associated symptoms with hearing loss (n=28)Table 4 Tone decay test of patients (n=11)Table 5 Cold Calorie test of patients (n=27)Table 6 Radiological (MRI) findings of patients (n=9)

SERVQUAL MODEL as a Service Quality Measure

SERVQUAL MODEL as a Service Quality Measure1.0 IntroductionA great deal of service- tonicity research in repenny decades has been devoted to the development of measures of service quality. In particular, the SERVQUAL instrument (Parasuraman et al., 1988) has been widely applied and valued by academics and practicing managers (Buttle, 1996). However, some(prenominal) studies start out determined po extial difficulties with the use of SERVQUAL (Carman, 1990 Cronin and Taylor, 1992 Asubonteng et al., 1996 Buttle, 1996 Van Dyke et al., 1997 Llosa et al., 1998). These difficulties contrive related to the use of so-c anyed difference scores, the ambiguity of the definition of consumer expectations, the stability of the SERVQUAL home base over time, and the proportionality of the instrument. As a result of these criticisms, questions pass been raised regarding the use of SERVQUAL as a measure of service quality.1.1 The SERVQUAL scale leafWhen the SERVQUAL scale was developed by P arasuraman et al. (1985, 1988), theiraim was to provide a generic instrument for measuring service quality across a broad range of service categories. Relying on discipline from 12 concentre groups of consumers, Parasuraman et al. (1985) circulateed that consumers evaluated service quality by comparing expectations (of service to be received) with learnings (of service actually received) on ten dimensions tangibles, reliability, responsiveness, communication, credibility, security, competency, understanding/ clear-sighted nodes, courtesy, and access. In a later (Parasuraman et al. (1988) take a leak, the authors reduced the original ten dimensions to quintuplet(1) tangibles (the appearance of physical facilities, equipment, and personnel)(2) reliability (the ability to per tune the promised service dependably and accurately)(3) responsiveness (the willingness to help customers and provide prompt service)(4) empathy (the provision of individual c ar and attention to customers) and(5) assurance (the knowledge and courtesy of employees and their ability to inspire trust and confidence).Each dimension is measured by four to five items (making a total of 22 items across the five dimensions). Each of these 22 items is measured in two ship canal(1) the expectations of customers concerning a service and(2) the sensed levels of service actually provided.In making these measurements, respondents are asked to indicate their degree of agreement with certain statements on a seven-point Likert-type scale (1 strongly disagree to 7 strongly agree). For each item, a so-called gap score (G) is then reckon as the difference amidst the new perception-of-performance score (P) and the raw expectations score (E). The greater the gap score (calculated as G P minus E), the higher the score for perceived service quality.Chapter 2 Literature Review2.0 IntroductionDespite the widespread use of the SERVQUAL model to measure service quality, several theoretical and empirical cr iticisms of the scale have been raised. Buttle (1996) summarised the major(ip)(ip) criticisms of SERVQUAL in two broad categories theoretical and operational.Theoretical issues compriseParadigmatic objections SERVQUAL is based on a disconfirmation paradigm rather than an attitudinal paradigm and SERVQUAL fails to draw off on established economic, statistical and psychological theory.Gaps model there is little evidence that customers assess service quality in terms of P E gaps. exercise orientation SERVQUAL focuses on the process of service delivery, non the emergences of the service encounter.Dimensionality SERVQUALs five dimensions are non universals the do of dimensions comprising SQ is contextualized items do not always load on to the factors which one would a priori expect and there is a high degree of intercorrelation between the five RATER dimensions.Operational criticisms includeExpectations the term expectation is polysemic consumers use standards new(prenominal)(a )wise than expectations to evaluate SQ and SERVQUAL fails to measure absolute SQ expectations.Item composition four or five items can not capture the variability within each SQ dimension.Moments of trueness (MOT) customers assessments of SQ whitethorn vary from MOT to MOT.Polarity the reversed polarity of items in the scale wees respondent error.Scale points the seven-point Likert scale is flawed.Two administrations two administrations of the instrument cause boredom and confusion.Variance extracted the over SERVQUAL score accounts for a disappointing proportion of item variances.The above criticism will be discussed below.2.1 Paradigmatic objections (Theoretical Criticisms)Two major criticisms have been raised. First, SERVQUAL has been inappropriately based on an expectations disconfirmation model rather than an attitudinal model of SQ. Second, it does not build on extant knowledge in economics, statistics and psychology. SERVQUAL is based on the disconfirmation model widely adopt ed in the customer mirth literature. In this literature, customer satisfaction (CSat) is operationalised in terms of the relationship between expectations (E) and outcomes (O). If O matches E, customer satisfaction is predicted. If O exceeds E, then customer delight may be produced. If E exceeds O, then customer dissatisfaction is indicated. According to Cronin and Taylor (1992 1994) SERVQUAL is paradigmatically flawed because of its ill-judged adoption of this disconfirmation model. comprehend quality, they claim, is best conceptualised as an attitude. They criticise Parasuraman et al. for their hesitancy to define perceived SQ in attitudinal terms, even though Parasuraman et al. (1988) had earlier claimed that SQ was similar in m all ways to an attitude.Cronin and Taylor accompany Researchers have attempted to differentiate service quality from consumer satisfaction, even while using the disconfirmation format to measure perceptions of service quality this approach is not unc hanging with the differentiation expressed between these constructs in the satisfaction and attitude literatures.Iacobucci et al.s (1994) review of the debate surrounding the conceptual and operational differences between SQ and CSat concludes that the constructs have not been systematically defined and differentiated from each other in the literature. She suggests that the two constructs may be connected in a number of ways. First, they may be twain different operationalisations of the same construct, evaluation. Second, they may be orthogonally related, i.e. they may be entirely different constructs. Third, they may be conceptual cousins. Their family connections may be dependent on a number of other considerations, including for example, the duration of the evaluation. Parasuraman et al. (1985) have described satisfaction as more situation- or encounter- unique(predicate), and quality as more holistic, developed over a longer period of time, although they tenderize no empirica l evidence to support this contention. SQ and CSat may also be related by time order. The preponderant belief is that SQ is the logical predecessor to CSat, but this remains unproven. Cronin and Taylors critique draws support from Olivers (1980) research which suggests that SQ and CSat are distinct constructs but are related in that satisfaction mediates the effect of prior-period perceptions of SQ and causes revised SQ perceptions to be formed. SQ and CSat may also be differentiated by virtue of their content. Whereas SQ may be thought of as high in cognitive content, CSat may be more heavily wet with affect (Oliver, 1993). Cronin and Taylor suggest that the adequacy-importance model of attitude measurement should be adopted for SQ research. Iacobucci et al. (1994) add the notice that in some general psychological sense, it is not clear what short-term evaluations of quality and satisfaction are if not attitudes. In turn, Parasuraman et al. (1994) have vigorously defended their p osition, claiming that critics take care to discount prior conceptual work in the SQ literature, and suggest that Cronin and Taylors work does not justify their claim that the disconfirmation paradigm is flawed.In other work, Cronin and Taylor (1994) comment that upstart conceptual advances suggest that the disconfirmation-based SERVQUAL scale is measuring neither service quality nor consumer satisfaction. Rather, the SERVQUAL scale appears at best an operationalisation of only one of the many forms of expectancy disconfirmation.A different concern has been raised by Andersson (1992). He objects to SERVQUALs failure to draw on previous social science research, particularly economic theory, statistics, and psychological theory. Parasuraman et al.s work is highly inductive in that it moves from historically situated observation to general theory.Andersson (1992) claims that Parasuraman et al. abandon the principle of scientific continuity and deduction. Among specific criticisms are the following(a)First, Parasuraman et al.s centering technology takes no account of the costs of improving service quality. It is nave in assuming that the marginal revenue of SQ improvement always exceeds the marginal cost. (Aubrey and Zimbler, 1983., Crosby., 1979, Juran., 1951 and Masser., 1957) have addressed the issue of the costs/benefits of quality improvement in service settings.)Second, Parasuraman et al. collect SQ data using ordinal scale methods (Likert scales) yet perform analyses with methods suitable to interval-level data (factor analysis).Third, Parasuraman et al. are at the absolute end of the street regarding possibilities to use statistical methods. Ordinal scales do not allow for investigations of common product-moment correlations. Interdependencies among the dimensions of quality are difficult to describe. SERVQUAL studies cannot answer questions such as Are there elasticities among the quality dimensions? Is the customer value of improvements a linear or n on-linear function?Fourth, Parasuraman et al. fail to draw on the large literature on the psychology of perception.2.2 Gaps ModelA related set of criticisms refer to the value and sozzleding of gaps identified in the disconfirmation model. Babakus and Boller (1992) instal the use of a gap approach to SQ measurement intuitively appealing but suspected that the difference scores do not provide any additional information beyond that already contained in the perceptions component of the SERVQUAL scale. They lay down that the dominant contributor to the gap score was the perceptions score because of a generalised chemical reaction tendency to rate expectations high.Churchill and Surprenant (1982), in their work on CSat, also ponder whether gap measurements contribute anything new or of value given that the gap is a direct function of E and P. It has also been noted thatwhile conceptually, difference scores might be sensible, they are problematic in that they are notoriously unreliabl e, even when the measures from which the difference scores are derived are themselves highly reliable (Iacobucci et al., 1994).Also, in the context of CSat, Oliver (1980) has pondered whether it might be preferable to consider the P E scores as raw differences or as ratios. No work has been reported using a ratio approach to measure SQ. Iacobucci et al. (1994) take a different tack on the incorporation of E-measures. They suggest that expectations might not exist or be formed clearly enough to serve as a standard for evaluation of a service experience. Expectations may be formed simultaneously with service consumption. Kahneman and Miller (1986) have also proposed that consumers may form experience-based norms after service experiences, rather than expectations before.A further issue raised by Babakus and Inhofe (1991) is that expectations may attract a social desirability response bias. Respondents may feel motivated to adhere to an I-have-high-expectations social norm. Indeed, Pa rasuraman et al. report that in their testing of the 1988 version the majority of expectations scores were above six on the seven-point scale. The overall mean expectation was 6.22 (Parasuraman et al., 1991b).Teas (1993a 1993b 1994) has pondered the meaning of identified gaps. For example, there are six ways of producing P E gaps of -1 (P = 1, E = 2 P = 2, E = 3 P = 3, E = 4 P = 4, E = 5 P = 5, E = 6 P = 6, E = 7). Do these tied gaps mean equal perceived SQ? He also notes that SERVQUAL research thus far has not established that all service providers within a consideration or choice set, e.g. all car-hire firms do, in fact, share the same expectations orders across all items and dimensions.A further criticism is that SERVQUAL fails to capture the dynamics of changing expectations. Consumers learn from experiences. The inference in overmuch of Parasuraman et al.s work is that expectations rise over time. An E-score of seven in 1986 may not necessarily mean the same as an E-score in 1996. Expectations may also come over time (e.g. in the health service setting). Grnroos (1993) recognises this weakness in our understanding of SQ, and has called for a new phase of service quality research to focus on the dynamics of service quality evaluation. Wotruba and Tyagi (1991) agree that more work is needed on how expectations are formed and changed over time.Implicit in SERVQUAL is the assumption that positive and negative disconfirmations are symmetrically valent. However, from the customers perspective, failure to meet expectations often seems a more evidentiary outcome than success in meeting or exceeding expectations (Hardie et al., 1992). Customers will often criticise poor service performance and not praise exceptional performance.Recently, Cronin and Taylor (1992) have salutary-tried a performance-based measure of SQ, dubbed SERVPERF, in four industries (banking, pest control, dry cleaning and fast food). They anchor that this measure explained more of the variance in an overall measure of SQ than did SERVQUAL. SERVPERF is composed of the 22 perception items in the SERVQUAL scale, and therefore excludes any consideration of expectations. In a later defence of their argument for a perceptions-only measure of SQ, Cronin and Taylor (1994) acknowledge that it is possible for researchers to infer consumers disconfirmation through and through arithmetic means (the P E gap) but that consumer perceptions, not calculations, govern behavior. Finally, a team of researchers, including Zeithaml herself (Boulding et al., 1993), has recently rejected the value of an expectations-based or gap-based model in finding that service quality was only influenced by perceptions.2.3 Process orientationSERVQUAL has been criticized for focusing on the process of service delivery rather than outcomes of the service encounter. Grnroos (1982) identified three components of SQ practiced, functional and reputational quality. Technical quality is have-to doe with with the outcome of the service encounter, e.g. have the dry cleaners got rid of the stain? Functional quality is concerned with the process of service delivery, e.g. were the dry cleaners counter staff courteous? Reputational quality is a reflection of the corporate image of the service organization. While technical quality focuses on what, functional quality focuses on how and involves consideration of issues such as the behaviour of customer contact staff, and the speed of service. Critics have argued that outcome quality is missing from Parasuraman et al.s formulation of SQ (Cronin and Taylor, 1992 Mangold and Babakus, 1991 Richard and Allaway, 1993). Richard and Allaway (1993) tested an augmented SERVQUAL model which they claim incorporates both process and outcome components, and comment that the challenge is to determine which process and outcome quality places of SQ have the greatest impact on choice1. Their research into Domino Pizzas process and outcome quality employed t he 22 Parasuraman etal. (1988) items, modified to suit context, and the following six outcome items(1) Dominos has delicious home-delivery pizza.(2) Dominos has nutritious home-delivery pizza.(3) Dominos home-delivery pizza has flavourful sauce.(4) Dominos provides a generous amount of toppings for its home-delivery pizza.(5) Dominos home-delivery pizza is made with superior ingredients.(6) Dominos prepared its home-delivery pizza crust exactly the way I like it.These researchers found that the process-only items borrowed and adapted from SERVQUAL accounted for only 45 per cent of the variance in customer choice the full inventory, inclusive of the six outcome items, accounted for 71.5 per cent of variance in choice. The difference between the two is significant at the 0.001 level. They conclude that process-and-outcome is a better predictor of consumer choice than process, or outcome, alone. In defense of SERVQUAL, Higgins et al., (1991) have argued that outcome quality is already contained within these dimensions reliability, competence and security.2.4 DimensionalityCritics have raised a number of significant and related questions about the dimensionality of the SERVQUAL scale. The most serious are concerned with the number of dimensions and their stability from context to context. there seems to be general agreement that SQ is a second-order construct, that is, it is factorially complex, being composed of several first-order variables 2. SERVQUAL is composed of the five RATER 3 factors. There are however, several alternative conceptualizations of SQ. As already noted, Grnroos (1984) identified three components technical, functional and reputational quality Lehtinen and Lehtinen (1982) also identify three components interactive, physical and corporate quality Hedvall and Paltschik (1989) identify two dimensions willingness and ability to serve, and physical and psychological access Leblanc and Nguyen (1988) list five components corporate image, interna l organisation, physical support of the service producing system, staff/customer interaction, and the level of customer satisfaction.Parasuraman et al. (1988) have claimed that SERVQUAL provides a staple fibre skeleton through its expectations/perceptions format encompassing statements for each of the five service quality dimensions. The skeleton, when necessary, can be adapted or supplemented to fit the characteristics or specific research needs of a particular organization.In their 1988 paper, Parasuraman et al. also claimed that the final 22-item scale and its five dimensions have sound and stable psychometric properties. In the 1991b revision, Parasuraman et al. found evidence of consistent factor structure across five case-by-case samples. In other words, they make claims that the five dimensions are generic across service contexts. Indeed, in 1991, Parasuraman et al. claimed that SERVQUALs dimensions and items represent core evaluation criteria that transcend specific compa nies and industries (1991b) 4.2.5 Number of dimensionsWhen the SERVQUAL instrument has been employed in modified form, up to nine distinct dimensions of SQ have been revealed, the number varying according to the service sector under investigation. One study has even produced a single-factor solution. Nine factors accounted for 71 per cent of SQ variance in Carmans (1990) hospital research admission service, tangible accommodations, tangible food, tangible privacy, nursing care, explanation of treatment, access and courtesy afforded visitors, discharge planning, and patient accounting (billing)5.Five factors were tell in Saleh and Ryans (1992) work in the hotel industry conviviality, tangibles, reassurance, avoid sarcasm, and empathy. The first of these, conviviality, accounted for 62.8 per cent of the overall variance the second factor, tangibles, accounted for a further 6.9 per cent the five factors unitedly accounted for 78.6 per cent. This is strongly suggestive of a two-facto r solution in the hospitality industry. The researchers had initially assumed that the factor analysis would confirm the SERVQUAL dimensions but this failed to be the case.Four factors were extracted in Gagliano and Hathcotes (1994) investigation of SQ in the retail clothing sector personal attention, reliability, tangibles and convenience. Two of these have no correspondence in SERVQUAL. They conclude the original SERVQUAL scale does not perform as well as expected in apparel speciality retailing. Three factors were identified in Bouman and van der Wieles (1992) research into car servicing customer kindness, tangibles and religion 6. The authors were not able to find the same dimensions for judging service quality as did Berry et al.One factor was recognized in Babakus et al.s (1993b) survey of 635 avail company customers. Analysis essentially produced a single-factor model of SQ which accounted for 66.3 per cent of the variance. The authors advance several possible explanation s for this unidimensional result including the nature of the service, (which they describe as a low-involvement service with an ongoing consumption experience), non-response bias and the use of a single expectations/perceptions gap scale. These researchers concluded With the exception of findings reported by Parasuraman and his colleagues, empirical evidence does not support a five-dimensional concept of service quality.In summary, Babakus and Boller (1992) commented that the domain of service quality may be factorially complex in some industries and very wide and unidimensional in others. In effect, they claim that the number of SQ dimensions is dependent on the particular service being offered. In their revised version, Parasuraman et al. (1991b) suggest two reasons for these anomalies. First, they may be the product of differences in data collection and analysis procedures. A more plausible explanation is that differences among empirically derived factors across replications may be chiefly due to across-dimension similarities and/or within dimension differences in customers evaluations of a specific company involved in each setting.Spreng and Singh (1993) have commented on the lack of disparity between several of the dimensions. In their research, the correlation between Assurance and Responsiveness constructs was 0.97, indicating that they were not separable constructs. They also found a high correlation between the combined Assurance-Responsiveness construct and the Empathy construct (0.87). Parasuraman et al. (1991b) had earlier found that Assurance and Responsiveness items loaded on a single factor and in their 1988 work had found average intercorrelations among the five dimensions of 0.23 to 0.35.In testing their revised version (Parasuraman et al., 1991b), Parasuraman and colleagues found that the four items under Tangibles broke into two distinct dimensions, one pertaining to equipment and physical facilities, the other to employees and communicat ion materials. They also found that Responsiveness and Assurance dimensions showed considerable overlap, and loaded on the same factor. They suggested that this was a product of imposing a five-factor constraint on the analyses. Indeed, the additional degrees of freedom allowed by a subsequent six-factor solution generated distinct Assurance and Responsiveness factors.Parasuraman et al., (1991a) have now accepted that the five SERVQUAL dimensions are interrelated as evidenced by the need for oblique rotations of factor solutionsto obtain the most interpretable factor patterns. One fruitful area for future research, they conclude, is to look the nature and causes of these interrelationships. It therefore does appear that both contextual circumstances and analytical processes have some bearing on the number of dimensions of SQ.2.6 Contextual stabilityCarman (1990) tested the generic qualities of the SERVQUAL instrument in three service settings a tyre retailer, a business check pl acement centre and a dental school patient clinic. Following Parasuraman et al.,s suggestion, he modified and augmented the items in the original ten-factor SERVQUAL scale to suit the three contexts. His factor analysis identified between five and seven underlying dimensions. According to Carman, customers are at least partly context-specific in the dimensions they employ to evaluate SQ. In all three cases, Tangibles, Reliability and auspices were present 7. Responsiveness, a major component in the RATER scale, was congressly weak in the dental clinic context.Carman also commented Parasuraman, Zeithaml and Berry combined their original Understanding and get to dimensions into Empathy our results did not find this to be an appropriate combination. In particular he found that if a dimension is very important to customers they are likely to be decomposed into a number of sub-dimensions. This happened for the placement centre where Responsiveness, Personal attention, Access and Conve nience were all identified as separate factors. According to Carman, this indicates that researchers should work with the original ten dimensions, rather than adopt the revised five-factor Parasuraman et al., (1988) model.2.7 Item loadingsIn some studies (e.g. Carman, 1990), items have not loaded on the factors to which they were expected to belong. Two items from the Empathy battery of the Parasuraman et al., (1988) instrument loaded heavily on the Tangibles factor in a study of dental clinic SQ. In the tyre retail study, a Tangibles item loaded on to auspices in the placement centre a Reliability item loaded on to Tangibles. An item concerning the ease of making appointments loaded on to Reliability in the dental clinic context, but Security in the tyre store context. He also found that only two-thirds of the items loaded in the same way on the expectations battery as they did in the perceptions battery. Carman supplies other examples of the same phenomena, and suggests that the unexpected results indicate both face validity and a construct validity problem. In other words, he warns against importing SERVQUAL into service setting contexts without modification and validity checks.Among his specific recommendations is the following We recommend that items on Courtesy and Access be retained and that items on some dimensions such as Responsiveness and Access be expanded where it is believed that these dimensions are of particular importance. He also reports specific Courtesy and Access items which performed well in terms of nomological and construct validity.Carman (1990) further suggested that the factors, Personal attention, Access or Convenience should be retained and further contextualised research work be through with(p) to identify their significance and meaning.2.8 Item correlationsConvergent validity and discriminant validity are important considerations in the measurement of second-order constructs such as SERVQUAL. One would associate a high level of convergent validity with a high level of intercorrelations between the items selected to measure a single RATER factor. Discriminant validity is indicated if the factors and their component items are independent of each other (i.e. the items load heavily on one factor only). Following their modified replication of Parasuraman et al.,s work, Babakus and Boller (1992) conclude that rules for convergence and discrimination do not indicate the existence of the five RATER dimensions.The best scales have a high level of intercorrelation between items comprising a dimension (convergent validity). In their development work in four sectors (banking, credit-card company, repair and maintenance company, and long-distance telecommunications company) Parasuraman et al., (1988) found inter-item reliability coefficients (alphas) varying from 0.52 to 0.84. Babakus and Boller (1992) report alphas which are broadly consistent with those of Parasuraman, varying from 0.67 to 0.83 (see Table III). In t heir 1991b version, Parasuraman et al. report alphas from 0.60 to 0.93, and observe that every alpha value obtained for each dimension in the final study is higher than the corresponding values in theoriginal study. They attribute this improvement to their rewording of the 22 scale items.Spreng and Singh (1993), and Brown et al., (1993) are highly critical of the questionable application of alphas to difference scores. They evaluate the reliability of SERVQUAL using a measure specifically designed for difference scores (Lord, 1963). Spreng and Singh conclude that there is not a great deal of difference between the reliabilities correctly calculated and the more common alpha calculation, an observation with which Parasuraman et al., (1993) concurred when they wrote The collective conceptual and empirical evidence neither demonstrates clear superiority for the non-difference score format nor warrants abandoning the difference score format.2.9 Expectations (Operational Criticisms) save the more fundamental criticism that expectations play no significant role in the conceptualization of service quality, some critics have raised a number of other concerns about the operationalization of E in SERVQUAL.In their 1988 work, Parasuraman et al. defined expectations as desires or wants of consumers, i.e. what they feel a service provider should offer rather than would offer (emphasis added). The expectations component was designed to measure customers normative expectations (Parasuraman et al., 1990), and is similar to the ideal standard in the customer satisfaction/dissatisfaction literature (Zeithaml et al., 1991).Teas (1993a) found these explanations somewhat vague and has questioned respondents meter reading of the expectations battery in the SERVQUAL instrument. He believes that respondents may be using any one of six interpretations (Teas, 1993b)(1) Service attribute importance. Customers may respond by rating the expectations statements according to the importance of each.(2) Forecasted performance. Customers may respond by using the scale to predict the performance they would expect.(3) Ideal performance. The optimal performance what performance can be.(4) deserve performance. The performance level customers, in the light of their investments, feel performance should be.(5) Equitable performance. The level of performance customers feel they ought to receive given a perceived set of costs.(6) Minimum tolerable performance. What performance must be? Each of these interpretations is somewhat different, and Teas contends that a considerable percentage of the variance of the SERVQUAL expectations measure can be explained by the difference in respondents interpretations.Accordingly, the expectations component of the model lacks discriminant validity. Parasuraman et al. (1991b 1994) have responded to these criticisms by redefining expectations as the service customers would expect from excellent service organizations, rather than normative expect ations of service providers, and by vigorously defending their inclusion in SQ research. Iacobucci et al. (1994) want to drop the term expectations from the SQ vocabulary. They prefer the generic label standard, and believe that several standards may operate simultaneously among them ideals, my most desired combination of attributes, the industry standard of a nominal average competitor, deserved SQ, and brand standards based on past experiences with the brand.Some critics have questioned SERVQUALs failure to access customer evaluations based on absolute standards of SQ. The instrument asks respondents to report their expectations of excellent service providers within a class (i.e. the measures are relative rather than absolute). It has be

Leukemia: Cancer of the Blood Essay -- Diseases, Disorders

The river of life, the simple eye is the bodys primary means of transportation. Blood is a part of the hematopoietic system, which also includes lymphatic tissue, bone marrow, and the spleen. Blood is a complex transport medium that performs vital pick-up and lecture services for the body by picking up food and oxygen from the digestive and respiratory systems, and delivering those vital elements to different cells of the body. In exchange of the simple eye and oxygen, blood then picks up wastes from the cells for delivery to the urinary organs. These functions could not be provided for the individual cells without the blood. Like any other structure of the body, blood can be attacked by many types of disease, such as Leukemia. Leukemia is a general name given to a number of blood cancers that affect the blood.Blood transports hormones, enzymes, buffers, other types of biochemicals that are important in body functions. The blood is made of plasma and formed elements. Plasma is th e clear, straw-colored fluidpart of the blood. The formed elements consist of red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets. The red blood cells (erythrocytes), play a slender enjoyment in transporting oxygen and carbon dioxide to various parts of the body, and play an important role in the homeostasis of the acid base balance of the body. The white blood cells (leukocytes), are responsible for cellular defense (phagocytosis of pathogenic microorganisms), humoral defense (secretion of antibodies involved in immune system response and regulation), and play a role in the bodys inflammatory response (secretion of Heparin and Histamine). Platelets play an important role in homeostasis of the blood and the coagulation (blood clotting).The average adult has appro... ...efinite itinerary to prevent it from affecting the lives of many people. Fortunately, the medical world has developed many treatment options for the different types of leukemia and many people are able to survive a nd use up this potentially deadly cancer.Works CitedBozzone, Donna M. Leukemia.Infobase Publishing Inc. 2009.11-134.CTCA Cancer Treatment Centers & Hospitals.Integrative Cancer Care.Web. 15 Jan 2012. http//cancercenter.com/.Lerner, Adrienne W. Leukemia.Greenhaven Press. 2009. 14-135.Leukemia and Lymphoma Society- Official Website.Web. 23 Jan 2012. http//www.leukemia.org.Leukemia- Symptoms, Types, Causes, Diagnosis and Treatment Options for Leukemia.WebMD- break in Information Better Health.Web. 3 Feb 2012. http//www.webmd.com/cancer/tc/leukemia-topic-overview.Parks, Peggy J. Leukemia.ReferencePoint Press Inc. 2010. 8-73.

Margaret Sanger’s Planned Parenthood Essay -- Exploratory Essays

Margaret Sangers Planned Parenthood During a time in which white supremacy was being challenged by an ever-increasing African population, a woman named Margaret Sanger sought to purify Americas breeding stock and purge Americas bad stains (Planned Parenthood). She set out to tack the American Birth Control League, which eventually became the Planned Parenthood Federation of America (PPFA). Sangers actions provoked oftentimes controversy because at the time not only was contraception illegal in the United States, but it was denounced by almost every major religious denomination (Contraception History). Margaret Sanger set out on a mission to overcome first the church and then the state in order to stop bringing to birth children whose inheritance cannot be champion of health or intelligence, (Planned Parenthood) and to impact womens sexual granting immunity. Margaret Sangers first order of business in her attempt to claim womens rights to sexual freedom wa s to alter the churchs thoughts and ideals regarding the use of contraception. In 1916, when she began her revolutionary crusade, contraception was not only condemned by the Catholic Church, but by many sects of Christianity. later on much effort, the year 1930 brought success to Margaret Sanger and her cohorts. It was at this point that the Church of England accepted the use of contraception in certain circumstances, and only betwixt married couples (Contraception History). This advantage by Sanger and her organization, Planned Parenthood, was followed by a wave of acceptance among many denominations for contraceptive use among married couples, and then among single adults. The aftermath of Sangers efforts influenced much of the world to changing i... ... links to other resources in English as well as Spanish.http//www.nyu.edu/projects/sanger/ipff.htm This site provides the specific history of Planned Parenthood and provides a timeline of when involvement began in different countries across the world. It also includes the names of those on the various boards and commissions within the organization, and for what each is responsible.http//www.conservativebeacon.com/essays/Other/planned_parenthood.html This site provides an interesting comparison between Margaret Sanger and Adolf Hitler, implying that each was a white supremacist in search of ensuring the continuance of white domination.http//dianedew.com/sanger.htm This site provides quotes from Margaret Sanger herself, on many various subjects such as blacks, adultery, abortion, and her own individual(prenominal) goals.

Cookies Invading Our Privacy :: Internet Technology Computers

Cookies encroaching(a) Our privacyCookies now constitute a real threat to personalized privacy, but they are perfectly legal. A biscuit is a tiny file that a Web sites place on the users seriously drive when the user accesses the web page. each(prenominal) cookie has a specific identification number. The cookie can gather personal in organizeation such as email addresses, full names, mailing addresses, and send for numbers, and then it sends the information back to the web site (Samborn 26). Whereas TV, radio, and print record only demographics or neighborhoods, a cookie keeps record of what an individual is actually feel at and doing on the net. As a result, Web site operators or companies are able to build genuinely detailed profiles from that behavior (Green 48). These profiles play a major role in online marketing. In the past, marketers knew their customers just as a number, but when DoubleClick, an Internet advertising company, bought emerge Abacus Direct, Doubl eClick was able to combine its databases with the names and addresses form Abacus catalog customers. Now web surfers can no longer surf the net without their computers being tagged to their names. (Quinn 63) until now more disturbing, hackers can now check the data from the cookie.With a specially constructed universal resource locator, a hacker can read cookies from any domain because the special URL fools a computer into thinking that the hackers computer is the domain site. As things stand now, Federal laws are far from clear when it comes to what cookies can view and how the information can be used. accord to US Sen. Robert Torricelli, Congress has considered several privacy bills in the past few years, but only one, the Childrens Online Privacy Protection Act, has been passed (Samborn 27). This problem is only deviation to escalate if something isnt done to limit what Internet sites and marketing agencies can collect from people surfing the Web.Cookies Invading Our P rivacy Internet Technology ComputersCookies Invading Our PrivacyCookies now constitute a real threat to personal privacy, but they are perfectly legal. A cookie is a tiny file that a Web sites place on the users hard drive when the user accesses the web page. Each cookie has a specific identification number. The cookie can gather personal information such as email addresses, full names, mailing addresses, and phone numbers, and then it sends the information back to the web site (Samborn 26). Whereas TV, radio, and print record only demographics or neighborhoods, a cookie keeps record of what an individual is actually looking at and doing on the net. As a result, Web site operators or companies are able to build very detailed profiles from that behavior (Green 48). These profiles play a major role in online marketing. In the past, marketers knew their customers just as a number, but when DoubleClick, an Internet advertising company, bought out Abacus Direct, DoubleClick was able to combine its databases with the names and addresses form Abacus catalog customers. Now web surfers can no longer surf the net without their computers being tagged to their names. (Quinn 63) Even more disturbing, hackers can now intercept the data from the cookie.With a specially constructed URL, a hacker can read cookies from any domain because the special URL fools a computer into thinking that the hackers computer is the domain site. As things stand now, Federal laws are far from clear when it comes to what cookies can collect and how the information can be used. According to US Sen. Robert Torricelli, Congress has considered several privacy bills in the past few years, but only one, the Childrens Online Privacy Protection Act, has been passed (Samborn 27). This problem is only going to escalate if something isnt done to limit what Internet sites and marketing agencies can collect from people surfing the Web.

Abraham of Chaldea Essay -- Biographies Religion Essays

Abraham of Chaldea Abraham From the BibleThe following is a narrative description on the life and times of one ofthe most powerful characters in the Old Testament. Abraham was indeed aman of god in a time where few men believed in the One true God. Through legion(predicate) triumphs and errors, he always returned to God to lead him back tohis calling. His dedication resulted in great promises from God that wereeventually fulfilled and affect each of our lives today. His story is ourstory.Abraham was a native of Chaldea, and a ninth generation descendant ofShem, the son of Noah. He was born on the southern tip of the Tigris andUuphrates rivers in the city of Ur around 2161BC.1 originally his name waschanged to Abraham, his name was Abram. When Abram was about seventyyears of age he moved with his family to live in Haran. The reason hemoved was because The God of ring appeared to our father Abram when hewas in Mesopotamia, before he lived in Haran, and said to him, Departfr om your country and your relatives, and come into the land that I willshow you. 2While in Haran, Abrams father died and God spoke to him again saying, Goforth from your country, and from your relatives and from your fathershouse, to the land which I will show you. 3 He obeyed and left-hand(a) Haranwith his brother Nahors family and his Nephew Lot without really knowingwhere he was going. At this time, God did not reveal to him he was goingto Canaan. God only told him the land which I will show you. 4 When hedid arrive in Canaan, he camped in the plains of Moreh, between themountains of Ebal and Cerizim. It was here he was given the secondpromise from God that his seed would possess this land. Abram buil... ...d Limited) * The Holy Bible, powerfulness James Version (The World Publishing Company) * The New Ungerss Bible Dictionary (Moody Press) 1 Ungers, pg. 12 2 King James, Acts 72-3 3 King James, Gen. 121 4 King James, Gen. 121 5 King James, Gen. 126-7 6 Class Lecture, Jo n Randles 7 Everyday life in Bible Times, pg. 89 8 Class Lecture, Jon Randles 9 King James, Gen. 2012 10 King James, Gen. 1417 11 King James, Gen. 1419-20 12 Halley, pg. 95 13 Readers Digest Bible, pg. 35 14 King James, 151 15 Readers Digest Bible, pg. 35 16 Ungers, pg. 13 17 Readers Digest Bible, pg. 36 18 Ungers, pg. 13 19 Readers Digest Bible, pg. 37 20 King James, Gen. 1928 21 Heb. 1119 22 Readers Digest Bible, pg. 40 23 Ungers, pg. 14 24 Readers Digest Bible, pg. 40 25 Readers Digest Bible, pg. 40-41 26 Ungerss, pg. 14

The English Patient Essay -- Film Movie Movies English Patient

Count Lazlo Almasy, the English Patient, is a serviceman in an imperial epoch and world. The people in this world live by Imperial rules and perpetuate Imperial stereotypes. The film takes place in World War II date Africa, and as the film portrays it, in the mysterious and exotic Sahara resign and in Cairo, Egypt. Count Almasys character lives in the desert among purplish explorers and in the desert environment full of natives who bring to life classic stereotypes full of ignorance and white prevalence and major power. Ella Shohat and Robert Stam, authors of Unthinking Eurocentrism, believe that the Imperial attitudes that the British government and the Western imperial society initiated, continue today and are alive in the moving-picture show. The film, The English Patient is a key example of Imperial influence on cinema with the exception of one character Count Almasy. On the surface, Almasy seems to be just like those around him, but when one looks deeper, his characteris tics show that he is in event an anti-imperial. Almasys character invites the viewer to identify with his seeming quest for adventure and then reveals qualities that then revise the colonial stereotypes that he seemed to personify previously. In the chapter Imperial Imaginary by Shohat and Stam, the authors discuss the idea that the perfect imperial subject is the adolescent male because of his vulnerability and hunger for adventure (101). The nature of imperialism is one of power and control. To teach a man to be an imperial one must teach him to love adventure. According to the authors, the empire by its very nature is the mans plaything and that boys can play in the space of an empire (101). It gives them the freedom and creativity to explore and through cinema... ...at, unpredictable weather, and the general exoticism of the Sahara, Almasy is the odd illuminate in the dark of the Imperial Imaginary. According to Stam and Shohats definition of the imperial, Almasy fits into theirimage only on the surface. He believes in many things that are antithetical to that of the imperial,largely his feelings about borders, names, and maps. When one delves deeper into his personality and beliefs, it can be seen that he is in fact the anti-imperial amidst a plethora of imperial stereotypes. Works CitedOndaatje, Michael. The English Patient. New York ergodic House, Inc., 1992.Shohat, Ella, and Robert Stam. Unthinking Eurocentrism Multiculturalism and theMedia. New York Routledge, 1994.The English Patient. Dir. Anthony Minghella. Perf. Ralph Fiennes, Juliette Binoche, Willem Defoe, and Kristin Scott Thomas. Miramax, 1996.