Patriot Act Pro

Pro Patriot Act There are many advantages for expanding governmental surveillance and investigative powers. For instance, there’s the possibility of gaining invaluable information for future attacks, and also the potential for targeting terrorists who may be responsible for such attacks. According to the American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU), â€Å"The FBI does not have to demonstrate probable cause, only declare it has â€Å"reasonable grounds† to suspect that library records may be relevant to an investigation. Supporters of such extreme measures believe in national security over privacy. They would much rather see a terrorist behind bars than protect their personalphone calls or bank accounts. Another claim is that the government wouldn’t investigate ordinary citizens, meaning that the law is exclusive to suspected criminals. Question: Do these claims qualify as being morally right? From the supporter’s perspective the answer is yes. The governmentâ₠¬â„¢s involvement is warranted in order to establish justice and ensure domestic tranquility (Department of Justice).The Act also provides increased funding for victims of terrorist attacks and their families, as well as for the rebuilding of business and infrastructure that are damaged by terrorism. The Patriot Act is divided into 10 separate sections known as â€Å"titles. † Each title contains numerous Sections that further clarify the provisions of the title. The emphasis was on being sure that should another attack be planned, the government would have the power to prevent it from being completed.Section 213 Sneak and Peek Warrants: this provision allows â€Å"sneak and peek† search warrants, which grants authorities authorization to search a home or business without immediately notifying the target of a probe. Investigators still have to explain why they want to delay the search notification and must eventually notify the target about the search (Abramson and God oy 2006). Under this provision the FBI is permitted to enter a home or an office in the absence of the occupant.During this secret investigation, FBI agents are authorized to take photographs, examine computer hard drives, and install a device known as the Magic Lantern. Once installed, the Magic Lantern, records all computer activity not just those transmitted over the internet. > This means FBI is not just searching anyone without a search warrant, the act states that they can search suspects of terror if and only if they have a reasonable reason and it is a terror, different from a crime.

Martin Luther King’s Religous Beliefs Essay

Martin Luther King lived from 1929 to1968 in America, there was much discrimination against black people. Even though slavery had been abolished in 1869, most black people still lived in poverty. Black people earned half the amount white people earned and many could not vote. Martin Luther King was Black American Christian who believed that god made everyone equal. Because of his Christian beliefs he worked towards equal rights through non-violent protests; his beliefs being that there was never an excuse for violence as that doesn`t express the love of god – just hatred. King followed in his father and grandfathers footsteps by becoming a pastor in 1954 in a Baptist church in Montgomery. Following Rosas Parks protest through refusing to move from her seat on the bus to give it to a white person, he became involved in the civil rights movement. Mixing the Christian idea of perfect love (Agape) with St. Thomas Aquinas` philosophy that an unjust law in the eyes of God is immoral, and therefore, not a law. King said in his letter from Birmingham Jail that, â€Å"an individual who breaks a law that conscience tells him is unjust and who willingly accepts the penalty of imprisonment in order to arouse the conscience of the community over its injustice, is in reality expressing the highest respect for the law. † Furthermore his campaign of nonviolent protest and civil disobedience began to take shape. After Rosa Parks was arrested for refusing to move from her seat to allow a white person to sit down, King decided it was time to start acting and after calling a meeting, where it was decided for all black people to stop using the buses. This was called a ‘bus boycott’. After 381 days with buses being virtually empty (costing the company lots of money), the government passed a law to state that it was illegal to segregate black people from white people on the buses. This was a victory for King and his beliefs in non-violent direct action. King believed that the Good Samaritan parable was a prime example of how we should treat each other equally. In the parable a Jew is beaten, mugged and left for dead. A priest, a Levite both cross to the other side of the road when the see him. However when a Samaritan sees him he helps him and pays for accommodation and care for him despite Jews and Samaritans despising each other. This parable showed you should love each other as neighbours despite religion or race. King demonstrated how you should stick up for your dreams, follow your beliefs and how violence isn`t needed to achieve your goal. His work made life in America better for everybody, his message to black and white people caused them to think and change the way things were being done.

Why did Elizabethans voyage overseas and were they successful?

During the middle ages Europeans know little about the rest of the world. Silks, spices were brought overland to Europe from India and china, but sailors didn’t dare to sail the unknown seas. In this essay I will be discussing why Elizabethans were made to go on over sea voyages in the 1550s during the time of the cloth trade collapse. What did England achieve from these successful voyages over sea and what new markets did they find to sell their goods also how did Britain become the most powerful country in the world . In addition to who were the sailors that helped England claim power and wealth? Between 1430-1530 European sailors began making voyages across the oceans. In 1550 the cloth trade collapsed . Merchants need to find new markets in which to sell their goods. Markets such as the Muscovy company which traded with Russia in timber and lurs also the East Incia Company which traded with India and the Far East in silks, spices, cotton and tea in addition to The Levant company which traded with countries around the eastern Mediterranean in currents and dyes. They went across the world to sell their English cloth and at the same time giving people in other countries a chance for ‘All savages, so soon as they began to taste of civilisation ‘which was said by Richard Hakluyt in his book ‘The Principle navigations, voyages and discoveries of the English Nation ‘in order to encourage overseas voyages . This encouraged English sailors and more people become interested in these voyages over sea. Richard Hakluyt thought that from these voyages over see the navy would be enlarged making England more powerful and become the greater country as he says ‘By these voyages our navy shall be enlarged ‘it was stated in his book. In addition the fact that the navy will become bigger just like Spain and Portugal’s, men and women shall work there will be more employment opportunities available which means that more money will be coming in to the nation ‘it will prove general benefit into our country ‘ . They would also gain more money as they would be going overseas and selling spices , which links into the trade markets especially The East Incia company which traded silks and spices . There were monopolies on the trade companies. Monopolies is when you have control over a given market, you are given a legal piece of paper (warrant)telling you that you could trade with that company , but that warrant didn’t come free you had to bid for it in order to get it . The companies paid Elizabeth money so that they could get their warrant and trade with the country that they wanted to trade with. The money which was used to pay for the warrants goes to Elizabeth so she can then deal with her economical problems and the debt that her sister Mary put her in of ?250,000. After the monopolies expired you would have to pay again for them and get it renewed or else you could no longer trade in that area. Merchants, nobles, and even the queen invested in these voyages . They made large profits from captured cargoes like gold and silver. Francis Drake stole silver, gold and jewels from Spanish ships coming from Mexico. This gold and silver benefited the economy as it made them more money. Gold was brought by the rich, who had to pay tax which helped Elizabeth pay her debt as she was the government and received the money. Drake's successful battles against the Spanish helped England become a major sea power. He was the First Englishman to sail around the world. On the way round the world, Drake landed in what is now California, naming it Nova Albion (New England) and claiming it for his queen. Drake returned from his voyage with his ship packed full of spices from the Indies, and plundered Spanish silver and treasure. Drake was knighted by Queen Elizabeth l for his courage, and for the treasures he brought back with him. He brought back enough treasure to pay off the entire national debt. John Hawkins was a cousin of Drake. He was the first Englishman to trade in slaves. He bought slaves in West Africa and sold them to the Spanish colonies in the West Indies, often raiding Spanish ships as he went. After retirement he built ships for the navy. Sir Walter Raleigh led many expeditions to America and introduced tobacco and the potato into England. He chose the name of the first English colony in America. He named it Virginia after Queen Elizabeth. However some sailors were unsuccessful like Sir Humphrey Gilbert who explored the north coast of America but was never seen again. Also Sir Walter Raleigh of 1595 who set to sail for south America hoping to find El Dorado , a legendary city full of gold . He never found the city and never returned with any gold making him useless to the country as he did not benefit it. England had more power, defence and a stronger navy than before as British sailors improved their skills in sailing and fighting at sea. New and faster ships were built by Hawkins. These ships helped in the Spanish armada in 1558. By 1603 England had become the greatest sea-power in the world. In conclusion the Elizabethans were successful on their voyages overseas as Britain became the most powerful and richest country in the world by 1803. The trading companies became very wealthy in the seventeenth century. England had the greatest sea-power in the world which lasted until the twentieth century. They were encouraged to go on voyages overseas so that they could trade with other companies as they needed new markets to trade with after the cloth collapse and become wealthier as I stated in the essay. Sailors like Francis Drake helped gain success on voyages overseas.

Annotated Bibliography Che Guevara Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Annotated Bibliography Che Guevara - Essay Example The writing also points to the waves of radicalizations, taking place after the most influential events. Abstract: The paper is a piece of creative art rather than a genuinely scientific work, but it still describes and discusses several aspects of the politician's political and social growth. The authors outline two main factors which contributed to Guevara's interest in Marxism: first of all, he traveled across Cuba for a long time and literally in every village found the proofs of Marxist anticipations. Secondly, Che had several influential persons in his life, three of whom were his close siblings. Both factors are presented as outlook-shaping. Abstract: The article is designed to discuss Che Guevara's inborn internationalism and inclination to revolutionary thought. The author holds that the main determinant of correspondence between Guevara's standpoint and Engels and Marx's teachings was his cultural background, as the entire Cuban nation had been creating a political philosophy now known as Guevarism for centuries, so Guevara simply became a representative of common notions about ideal social and political order. Furthermore, Lowy draw a hypothesis that Guevara's writing are themselves a logical completion of Marx's politeconomical ideas, adopted to national peculiarities and thus perceived generally in cultural context. 4) BEC. The Development, Maturation and Influences on the Guevara's Ideology. Retrieved October, 25, 2005. Available at: http://www.che-lives.com/home/modules.phpname=Content&pa=showpage&pid=12 Abstract: the paper was intended as reflections upon ideological timeline of Guevara's philosophical writings, viewed as the direct response to Marxism. This political study was spreading in a conductive atmosphere of national cognitive dissonance and radical discontent with existing power. The author prioritizes psychological reasons for Guevara's acceptation of Marxism, as the main remedy against Cuban declination. Another reason for the impact of radical study on Guevara's thought was the fertile ground for further considerations, provided by the political economist. Nevertheless, the author refutes the notion that Che Guevara was a genuine Communist and in his paper evidently defines the revolutionary's political course and orientations. 5) Saunonis, T. Che Guevara - Symbole of Struggle. Four, Guerillaism and Marxism. Retrieved: October, 26, 2006. Available at: http://www.socialistworld.net/publications/che/four.html Abstract: The article demonstrates family roots of Guevara's positive response to Marxism, as Che was grown as a hero, a social marginal, as his whole family and the representatives of his social class were strong and bold enough to ignore the rigid bureaucracy of existing state regime. Furthermore, the article matches the success of the Russian Revolution and Guevara's plans for reordering Cuba. As the politician

Collaborative Health- LIfelong Learning Coursework

Collaborative Health- LIfelong Learning - Coursework Example They include conferences, meetings, courses, in-service training and rounds. These education methods use didactic methods which are effective at imparting new knowledge. Continuous lifelong learning is important for a number of reasons. First, it contributes towards a great conversation. It is great to have a conversation with someone who is informed on events. Lifelong learners are better at holding their own conversations. They usually have more interesting topics and things to talk about (Alson, 2013). Secondly, the world is dynamic and keeps changing. Lifelong learning is important to keep up with the changing demands of the world. Moreover, lifelong learning is essential to enable one develop their abilities (Alson, 2013). Every individual is born with natural abilities and talents but it does not mean that they master these talents the first time they try them. Lifelong learning helps develop these skills thus serving as a role in promoting personal development. Finally, lifelong learning helps in opening one’s mind. One can see an issue in a broader perspective due to his or her education. Watching television, reading, as well as holding conversations helps educate people about other points of view. It may change one’s mind or may not but helps understand that there is more than one side to every issue (Alson, 2013). In conclusion, the importance of lifelong learning should be an aim for all health professionals. It can help them in various ways including personal development, enhancing their inclusion in the society and enabling them to adapt to the changing demands of the world. Continuing education stakeholders need to understand, value, and support contemporary principles of lifelong

Law To Eliminate Poverty Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Law To Eliminate Poverty - Essay Example The measures adopted by the governmental and the social welfare organizational level to improve the quality of life of the poor people and the downtrodden in fact amounts to serve towards poverty reduction. In the Christianity where nun volunteers herself to poverty to satisfy her religious belief, cannot be considered as circumstantial poverty (Kerbo, 2006). At this time and age, continued economic development is constrained by lack of economic liberty. Economic liberalization should have the property rights of the poor and the needy. Financial services are accessible to them by way of technology such as mobile banking (Kenworthy, 1999). Inefficient and corrupt institutions are the major contributors to discourage investment and to frustrate the economy of a country. Foreign aid, NGOs, public and private sectors can be instrumental in uplifting health, education and poverty reduction (Kerbo, 2006). To improve the living standard of masses that are living below the poverty line, it i s necessary to curb this menace. Green Revolution is the best example of it. Some of the donation givers bind donation receivers to buy their expensive products from their countries, which sometimes frustrate the efforts to meet the poverty reduction target (Barr, 2004). Poverty Law The poverty law definition is "the legal statutes, regulations, and cases concerning day-to-day life of economically suppressed class" (Lehman, 1992). The mentioned law somehow or the other deals with the legal issues and social justice i.e. public benefits law, health care law, housing law, education law, elder law, family law, juvenile law, employment law, welfare law, and Social Security law. In the broader term, it includes consumer law, immigration law, insurance law, domestic violence, childcare, electoral reforms, political science, economics, sociology, social policy, social work, and financial literacy of low-income people (Lehman, 1992). Poverty Elimination Act of Canada Poverty alleviation bil l C-545, passed by the House of Commons of Canada, directs the federal government to develop poverty elimination strategy by creating independent poverty commissioner to effectively monitor the progress of the strategy evolved to eradicate poverty. The mentioned incumbent shall provide guidance to the National Council of Poverty and Social Inclusion to address the poverty-related issues (Pasma, 2010). The poverty elimination strategy should be based on three major segments: income, housing, and social justice. The bill stressed upon the need of gender analysis, certain urban and rural responses, and a vital human rights framework. The poverty elimination strategy is the most effective tool in eliminating poverty from Canada (Pasma, 2010). There is a dire need to address this issue immediately since demonstration is on the rise against poverty and income insecurity due to the current recession. Further, this number has been soaring if one takes into account the last year analysis acc ording to which around 900,000 people are badly suffered at the hands of the recession (Pasma, 2010).

Market research Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Market research - Essay Example Henneberg (13) explores the challenges that have been faced by the US during the past decade make it a vital responsibility of the voters to bring about positive change as believed by everyone in the states. Thus, in the research, all these factors among other political reasons will be looked into in the subsequent sections. In the US, the race has always been between two parties, democrats and republicans. The democrat, incumbent president barrack Obama has been on the spot for various reasons against the republican mitt Romney, a white. O n the other hand, mitt has suffered blows in some of the Obama reactions to his allegations that bring him out in a negative way. Considering the ongoing campaigns, Obama tries to defend his seat by convincing them to add him more time to realize his impact but the opposition accuses him of not having utilized his term in office as expected and that he is a disappointment. These impacts on a significant number of voters differently thereby influen cing their probable choice the elections that are yet to come. Some of the significant states have chosen Obama over mitt Romney although by a slight margin. Data results by union times indicate that Obama is still leading in Florida, Ohio and Washington which are key regions in determining the final outcome. The choice of words has been giving mitt a major blow while it works well with Obama who is a better orator and has better choice of words to counter his rival. Race comes in as one of the dictators of the winner of the forthcoming elections. There are slightly more non white voters as there are white voters in the US. This indicates on how tricky it maybe for mitt considering that he is white while Obama is not. However, race in this case may not come in as plane as it is but as a redefinition considered as stereotype (Lipstz 76). Whites are the most likely to be adversely affected by this as the non whites may want to use the opportunity to prove that America belongs to all. As such, they will vote for Obama not because they like him but because they would like to have an alternative race other than white. The whites, on the other hand, may not vote for Obama considering that he has served for one term, and all did not go well with them since non whites have infiltrated and dominated America. This can be supported by the current demonstrations by some whites labeled â€Å"take back America.† most whites feel that America belongs to them so should be the leadership positions. However, this will be outbalanced by the relatively large numbers of the non whites who reason along the same line but to the opposite direction. The economic factors have been a major concern for the Americans since the world’s major economic meltdown that negatively affected the Americans during president Obama’s term. Mitt has at some point picked this as a campaign basis where he blames the Obama administration for the bad situation that befell the Americans . Obama, on the other hand, gives defensive reasoning of the same in an attempt to win the trust that he already lost. The trick in this case for him is that the government has had the issues to do with taxation and payment of bills. The other policy that acts as an indicator of the most likely winner of the election is the foreign policy that has been linked with the history. Obama successfully ended the war in Afghanistan and Iraqi but

Organic restaurant Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Organic restaurant - Term Paper Example As a means of gaining a competitive advantage in the market, the restaurant will employ professional nutritionists to facilitate menu planning. Apart from offering meals to the clients’, the restaurant will provide additional support services to their clients. The restaurants employees will supply nutritional information on food items delivered to their clients (Fullen 116). Health life will collaborate with health institutions in researching on the best diet to offer to the market. Additionally, the restaurant will assess the impacts that consumption of organic foods on the population. Market segmentation will equally constitute a strategy for use at health life restaurant. The restaurant will group their clients to meet the demands of special interest groups. For example, preparation of foods for vegetarians will be advantageous in catering for the special interest groups. The location of the facility in Hollywood will provides an opportunity of engaging in awareness campaigns. This will be achievable with the support of their celebrity clients who reside in Los Angeles. Operations at the restaurant will thrive because majority of the populations are aware of their nutritional needs. According to Fullen (111), employees and clients will play an integral role in influencing the choice of the corporate level strategies. The location of the restaurant will provide an opportunity to increase its publicity by targeting celebrity clients. The celebrities will assist in marketing the establishment as a restaurant that shows concern for people’s health. The restaurant will conduct operations differently from other restaurants. The management will equally focus on the needs of the market before coming up with the marketing strategies. The institution will employ analysts who will continuously monitor trends of the market before advising the management on the best

Theory on selected topics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Theory on selected topics - Essay Example These products are usually categorized according to their characteristics of market growth rate and market share. A typical BCG matrix is shown in the figure below: As we all know that McDonald’s Corporation is made up of world-wide business, such as McDonald’s USA, McDonald’s Europe, McDonald’s Asia and McDonald’s America. We are going to use the lens of BCG matrix to determine the position of each of these businesses in a BCG matrix for McDonald’s Corporation. (QuickMBA, 2009) STARS: Stars are those products that have a large market share in a rapidly growing industry. In simple words, these are successful products that need continuous investment to maintain their dominating position in the market. According to the statistics given in McDonald’s Corporation’s annual report, McDonald’s USA is a star. It has a high market share in the market which is booming rapidly. However, due to increased competition in the market, McDonald’s Corporation should invest in McDonald’s USA heavily, so that they do not lose out market share to other competitors like Burger King or KFC. (Daft, 1997). A question-mark is a business that has low-market share in the rapidly growing industry. In order to increase the market share, the business will need more and more resources. However, it is not guaranteed that the business has enough potential to become a start. In the case of McDonald’s corporation, McDonald’s Europe falls under the category of a BCG Matrix â€Å"Question Mark†. McDonald’s Europe has found it tough to break into the food industry which is already congested with various firms in the industry. The culture diversification in the different parts of Europe has also resulted in low-demands and cash returns for McDonald’s Europe, making it a question mark. The only way to cure the problem is that McDonald should carry out a market research to find out what people

The Culture Effects in Women Performance at the Public Agencies in Research Proposal

The Culture Effects in Women Performance at the Public Agencies in Saudi Arabia - Research Proposal Example The rulers enforce the Islamic law in handling the state’s executive, administrative and judicial functions. The country’s most significant natural resource is oil and the main business areas are oil refinery, jewels etc. Development plans and policies are based on the Islamic values. Background of the Study: All Saudi Arabians are Muslims and some are included in a minority of Shia. They are following Handbali School of Islamic law. The women may not have any rights like men in the society. They have limitations to enter in to the society. They are not allowed to drive and without permission of male guardian (Muharam) they will not travel abroad. â€Å"Women are employed in girls' schools and the women's sections of universities, social work and development programs for women, banks that cater to female clients, medicine and nursing for women, television and radio programming, and computer and library work. Sections of markets are set aside for women sellers. However, only about 7 percent of Saudi Arabia's formal workforce is female† (Saudi Arabia, 2011). The separation is considered as the mechanism for sexual modesty. Their status is high in the family, in their role like mother or sister. A significant number of women are succeeding in academic, business, literary production etc, even when facing restrictions to public. This is because of the gaining popularity of women’s literature than earlier times.... The social and cultural rights of Saudi females are circumscribed by the values of sexual segregation that leads to restrain or limit their activity. Working in Saudi Arabia is a challenging factor, especially for women. Saudi Arabian culture and values are different it is highly oriented with Islamic religion. Their dresses also express religious piety. It must not be very fit for body and it must not attract any attentions. â€Å"Like a woman's clothing, a woman's role in Saudi Arabia culture is largely dictated by the prevailing religious beliefs. Unlike in the West, where a woman's equal partnership with her husband is at least given lip service, a Saudi marriage is often arranged† (A Women’s Perspective on Saudi Arabia Culture, 1995). Aim and Objectives: 1) To identify the various cultural barriers faced by the women in performing the public agencies in Saudi Arabia. 2) To identify the how the cultural values of Saudi Arabia affect the performance of women in publi c agencies? 3) To identify the various problems faced by the women in Saudi Arabia. Significance of Study: Saudi Arabian women are facing a big challenge to perform in public agencies. They feel like tied in the home. They do not have permission to enter in to the society or to be active in any economical or political field. The traditional culture and law make them feel bad for themselves. Western countries are giving high consideration to women’s opinion and participation. They do not face any restraints in entering in to the society and can travel at night also. They are self-sufficient and work in high positions in various organizations. Saudi women, also, have the urge to become independent and self-sufficient and they yearn for those things. But there are

Corporation as One of the Most Convenient Business Entities Research Paper

Corporation as One of the Most Convenient Business Entities - Research Paper Example A limited liability company or LLC can be treated as a general partnership when there are two or more owners in a business enterprise. The State of Florida does not claim any formal documentation for the general partnerships. However, consultation with a legal counsel is recommended for the parties before forming any general partnership. This is significant in order to check on fraud considerations. In a similar manner to that of the US, the United Kingdom also observed a new legal form known as the limited liability partnership (LLP) in 2001. However, the UK LLP is not suitable for small trading business concerns. The LLP legislation in the UK is rather complicated. Even though it offers the possibility of tax reduction, it is not convenient due to the lack of tax neutrality. In the case of the US multiple-owner LLCs, the owners in general partnerships must use Schedule E with reporting their personal income tax returns. Besides, they require to file a partnership information return on Form 1065. This includes information on the source as well as the distribution of the money among the co-owners. The profit or loss earned in the business is shared equally by the owners. The State of Florida differentiates between a sole proprietorship and general partnership in terms of payment of the profit earned. Unlike a sole proprietorship, the profit earned in general partnership is not subject to Social Security and Medicare taxes. It is not liable to state and federal income taxes. Sole proprietorship, as well as general partnership, is a tax-reporting entity, not a tax-paying entity.

Historical Perspective of Management Essay Example for Free

Historical Perspective of Management Essay Max Weber was a German sociologist that pioneered the term bureaucracy. Weber founded six major principles of bureaucracy Formal hierarchical structure, Management by rules, Organization by functional specialty, An up-focused or in-focused mission, Purposely impersonal and Employment based on technical qualifications. (Busting Bureaucracy. com) A formal hierarchical structure is the management pyramid that is designed to control the level below with organized planning and decision making. For example (chain of command). Then he developed management by rules such as policies and handbooks that are used by lower levels. Next is organization by functionality specialty this means that each individual will be placed in a position according to their specialty. These three steps of bureaucracy are still used today in every business known. Max Weber designed this pyramid because in the 1930’s the industrialism of our country was expanding and it was no order of command business was ran without consistency. And a change was needed to make things run smoothly. My advice to managing people today is to organize your business according to functional specialization. Your employees and managers according to their skills and expertise so that each job will be done to the best of that person or persons knowledge and capabilities. Use clear lines of hierarchical authority in doing so you will need to put together a clear set of policy and rules that underline the chain of demand in detail. Your managers will need to be trained accordingly with consist seminars and meeting so that they can be well trained and fully informed about their duties and the duties of their staff. Decision making should be based on the rules and guidelines developed to guarantee consistent and effective reflection of organization goals.

Communication Healthcare

Communication Healthcare This essay will look at communication within a healthcare setting and will give examples from literature to demonstrate the importance of communication. It will use the work of (Ellis Beattie, 1986) and also (Egan, 1990) as models for effective communication. It will discuss whether these models are adequate alone to enable effective communication and will also draw on personal experiences from the clinical area. Communication underpins all other nursing interventions (Minardi Riley, 1997). Communication is a fundamental tool for healthcare delivery (Rungapadiachy, 1999). To listen to another person is the most caring act of all, Listening and attending are by far the most important aspects of being a nurse (Burnard, 1992). (Roper, 2001) Emphasizes communication as an integral part of the unique function of nursing. (Peplau, 1988) used the term, psychodynamic nursing, to describe the dynamic relationship between a nurse and a patient. Peplau described four phases of this relationship: The orientation phase, in which the person and the nurse mutually identify the persons problem. The identification phase, in which the person identifies with the nurse, thereby accepting help. The exploitation phase, in which the person makes use of the nurses help. The resolution phase, in which the person accepts new goals and frees herself or himself from the relationship. Peplau also identified six nursing roles of the nurse: Counseling Role working with the patient on current problems Leadership Role working with the patient democratically Surrogate Role figuratively standing in for aperson in the patients life Stranger accepting the patient objectively Resource Person interpreting the medical plan to the patient Teaching Role offering information and helping the patient learn (Betts, 1992) states that people have a basic drive to relate to one another, which is expressed through communication. Even if conversation doesnt take place, smiling as is not smiling a form of communication albeit non verbal. Communication can be conceptualized as a series of components that require a message, transmitter, receiver and a channel for transmission. All of these elements can be categorized into either verbal or non-verbal components. Both of these categories combine in the skill of active listening, which is a cornerstone of effective communication (Minardi Riley, 1997). (Ellis Beattie, 1986) used a diagram to illustrate the communication system, (appendix a). The communication system is divided into verbal and non-verbal parts. The verbal communication consists of words, clauses and sentences, which enables the exchange of information, clarification of issues, demonstrating understanding and to offer support and direction. The non-verbal system contains four elements: Prosodic, which is used to give emphasis to verbal communication through intonation and rhythm. Paralinguistic, which are the vocal but non-verbal expressions such as mmm, ah which will allow the person offering the information the confirmation that they are being listened to. Kinesic, is body language, for example facial expressions, gestures, position of the recipient. And The standing element, which may include physical appearance, personal space. Although a model of communication can simply demonstrate the communication process it can also oversimplify. A model only provides a framework for observing, understanding and predicting what occurs when two people communicate (Heath, 1995). Effective communication between a nurse and a patient is a conscious, goal directed process that differs from casual or social interactions. It is undertaken as a tool with which to develop trust, effect change, promote health, provide limits, reinforce, orient, convey, identify and work towards goals (Schultz Videbeck, 2002) An important aspect within effective communication is the ability to understand the message. Each element of communication must be examined separately. For example, within the Kinesic element, (Egan 1990) offers the acronym, SOLER, when considering the aspect of body language. Egan suggests to: Sit Squarely in relation to the client, Maintain an Open posture, Lean slightly towards the client, Maintain reasonable Eye contact, Relax. Through personal experience whilst in the clinical area I have implemented this acronym and found it effective although needing to examine my own actions later to assess whether its was used to its full potential. I have found that to sit squarely with the client isnt necessarily the best position this has offered periods of discomfort both for myself and visibly to the patient. By sitting in this position there is less opportunity to break eye contact without appearing distracted or disinterested. Open body posture can give a sense of disinterest as well as increasing anxiety in myself in situations where there may be a risk of physical aggression. In the suggestion that Egan gives of relaxing, this has been easier at times when the other suggestions of Egans have been modified. (Betts, 1992) states it is important not to stare at the patient for too long as this can be seen as an intimidating gesture as also can distance where too close can be seen as an invasion or a threat or too far can be interpreted as the nurse being unable to cooperate. Within the verbal element it is also important for the nurse to recognize the difference between a person saying what they mean and meaning what they say (Minardi Riley, 1997). An example of this from my own clinical experience was whilst having a conversation with a patient, they told me that they just wanted to kill themself. When we explored this statement further the patient said that they didnt actually mean they wanted to kill themselves but rather that they felt they couldnt cope with current problems. By sitting and discussing these problems, a number were able to be resolved and others discussed. In this situation and with such an alarming statement for a student nurse it would have been an easy get out to dismiss the statement. (Speight, 1991) however, states that by responding in this way could have led to the patient being unwilling to explore this statement further. Speight suggests that reflection can be used as a communication technique. For example, when the patient made the statement, the response that could be used is one of â€Å" you want to kill yourself?† and thereby encouraging a further response from the patient about the statement. To enable effective communication the healthcare worker must also be aware of the individual factors involved. All communication between individuals has internal factors that can influence the sending or receiving of the message, these may include beliefs, goals, physical and emotional states and the perceptions of others roles, status and personality. External factors may include environmental, social, biological, psychological and economic influences (George, 1990). (Minardi Riley, 1997) suggests that it is also important in being an effective communicator to ensure that the language used during communication is at a level that can be understood through familiarity of words. Once the basics of communication are understood, in order to turn this into effective communication it is important for the healthcare worker to examine their own actions through reflection (Minardi Riley, 1997). This may be done with the aid of a model of reflection such as Gibbs reflective cycle (appendix 2). Gibbs identifies five points for reflection. Description, feelings, evaluation, analysis, conclusion and action. By using Gibbs reflective cycle I have been able to identify obstacles either personal, environmental or on a physical level. This I believe has led me to a greater understanding of my own actions, thoughts or feelings and helped me identify solutions to these obstacles. Conclusion In conclusion, this essay has identified and examined models of communication and discussed the various elements involved. It has given examples from literature to stress the importance of communication and identified elements needed towards communication being effective within healthcare. It has drawn on personal experience form the clinical area to demonstrate the skills required in maintaining a therapeutic relationship and also identified the need for ongoing reflection during the communication processes.

The Jnanas in Meditation

The Jnanas in Meditation Concentration, the ability to detach oneself from the environment and the attainment of insight and later on Nirvana are the reasons why students enrol themselves in meditation classes. Because of these, any one teaching meditation should pay special attention in helping and guiding the student in attaining these goals. In this end, the jnana can be used by the teacher to enhance the student’s practice of meditation and lead the path to enlightenment and gaining inner peace. The Jnana: What is it all about? Jnana is a term that is used for most meditation practices, and can be found in other writings with varying spellings depending on the language being used. The term jnana that will be used in this module is from the Pali language. Other spellings of the word are gnana or gnaan in the Sanskrit language, or dhyana also in Sanskrit. Regardless of its spelling and language using it, the term is used to denote the presence of knowledge of an individual. This meaning is one of the most widely used in meditation centers based on various religious beliefs. The meaning of the word, which is knowledge, can vary depending on what context it is being used. Jnana and its context of knowledge revolves around an occurrence in the cognitive aspect of the individual where something is not just learned, but experienced by the individual. Because of this close association, the knowledge that the individual can gain from an event cannot be separated from his or her actual experience of it and it attached to the reality in which the meditator has experienced the learning. In some cases, it is also connected to a supreme being that is present in the material world (or the Mahesha-dhama) like Siva-Sakti. In Buddhist practices of meditation such as the Tibetan Buddhists, jnana is used to denote a state of awareness that is pure and free from conceptual disruptions and other forms of distractions. This is also used as a contradictory concept to vijnana, which is known as divided knowing. It is believed that when a meditator decides to practice and start practicing jnana and go through the Jnana or Bhimis, then that meditator may experience the presence of complete state of enlightenment and achievement of Nirvana. According to the venerable Mahasi Sayadaw, who is an authority in the Vipassana meditation in Buddhism, there are several nanas or knowledge as the person meditates. What the teacher must stress to his or her students is that these knowledge are to be experienced in stages chronologically. Also, it should be made clear that progression from one stage to another does not have a specific time frame since it can vary from being experienced for only a short period of time up to several years. The intensity in which these knowledge are experienced as also vary as well. The Jnana and Samadhi Aside from being used to gain knowledge related to the experience of things, the jnanas can also be used to refer to several states of Samadhi. This occurs when the meditator has learned to detach himself or herself from attributes of his or her mind in the quest to meditate better. When this detachment is attained, the mind of the meditator would become more stable and firm in the blocking of distractive thoughts and his or her ability to concentrate on the focus of the mediation will be improved greatly. Samadhi is the result of this increased concentration of the mind of the meditator practicing the jnana. As mentioned in the previous section, there are several levels of the jnana, and these levels can be applied in the practice of Samadhi as well. The term appana Samadhi is applied when the first to the fourth jnana are grouped together. This is especially true when the term is used by the disciples of the Buddha. The Use of the Jnana in Buddhist Traditions Jnana has been present in Buddhist literatures for a long time and it is mostly associated with any form of meditation. The first to the fourth stage of jnana are considered in the early Buddhist traditions as the right meditation. Because of this context in which it was used jnana has been associated mostly with the meaning it was given by the followers of the Buddha. In early Buddhist texts, it has also been found that the Buddha himself has engaged in the practice of the jnana as he was on his quest to find enlightenment. The practice of the jnana was used by the Buddha to this end because he learned that the meditation practices that he used were not particularly leading him to achieve the state of Nirvana. Prior to using the jnana, the Buddha has used other forms of meditation, but because these did not lead him to Nirvana, he became disillusioned. This has led him to recall a state of meditation he did when he was a child and followed it. In the Maha-Saccaka Sutta, it was mentioned that the Buddha has entered the first jnana and he called this the path to Awakening. If the Buddha himself did the jnana and used them in his quest for Nirvana, then the teacher must stress to students of meditation that indentifying and overcoming the obstacles to concentration is necessary before they are able to enter the stages of jnana. In the Upakkilesa Sutta, the Buddha was written to be saying that during the practice of meditation and the meditator starts doubting his or her capacity to carry on the meditation, the concentration would fall and the focus would be diverted. This is important to be avoided by the meditator through remaining diligent in keeping the focus of the meditation on the forefront of his or her mind and ensuring that attention is kept and not just the concentration. Because the Buddha has mentioned that the jnana is the path to achieve liberation and awakening, meditators should be encouragedto develop this as well if they are in the path to liberation and awakening as well. The Stages of the Jnana Pali has described all eight stages of the jnana in a progressive manner. Four of these eight stages are called rupa jnana or meditations or form, while the other four are called arupa jnana or the formless meditations. Rupa jnana is loosely translated to mean fine material jnana. The rupa jnanas are the stages of meditation in which the meditator experiences a deeper level of collectedness of thought and concentrarion. Moreover, each level of the rupa jnana have their intrinsic qualities which are derived from each other and can disappear. The first to fourth jnana are: The First Jnana. In this level of the jnana, the meditator experiences the presence of rapture, directed thoughts, pleasure, evaluation of thoughts, unification of the mind, mindfulness, presence of contact, feelings and perception, intention, consciousness, persistence, desire and attention. The Second Jnana. The second jnana is manifested by the presence of pleasure and rapture, unification of the mind, contact, perception and feeling, intention, desire and consciousness, persistence, decision and attention, equanimity and mindfulness. Also, in this level, there is the presence of internal assurance. The Third Jnana. This stage includes the feeling of equanimity-pleasure, contact, perception, feeling, intention, desire, consciousness, persistence, decision, mindfulness, attention and equanimity. The Fourth Jnana. The fourth level stage of the jnana is represented by the presence of an unconcern based on the presence of serenity of awareness; a feeling of equanimity, presence of unification of the mind and the other things that are experienced in the earlier stages of the jnana. Apart from the things occurring in each of the first to the fourth jnanas, there are qualities that remain specific to each stage. In the first jnana, there is the presence of subtlest forms of mental movement and the complete disappearance of the five hindrances. Moreover, intense and unified form of bliss remains and the person’s capacity to have unwholesome intentions stops. The second jnana is related to the cessation of all mental movements and the experience of bliss. In the third jnana, joy that is considered to be one half of the feeling of bliss disappears from the perception of the individual. And finally in the fourth jnana, happiness which is the other half of the feeling of bliss disappears and leading to the neutral feeling of neither pain nor pleasure. Also, it is said that this state renders the breathing of the person to temporarily cease. The arupa jnanas, of the formless meditation contains the other four stages of jnana. These states of the jnanas are written in literatures as formless or immaterial. This led this to be called as the Formless Dimensions in some translation and has helped in distinguishing it apart from the first four jnanas. Contrary to the other stages, these four are used to expand the presence of the concentration that is attained from the first to the fourth jnanas. Also, when the eight jnana has been attained, the meditator can experience enlightenment and complete dwelling in emptiness. The four jnanas in the arupa jnanas are: The Dimension of Infinite Space. In this dimension of the jnanas, the following qualities are removed from consciousness such as the singleness of the mind, perception of the dimension of the infinitude of space, attention, equanimity, decision, persistence, mindfulness, feeling, perception, contact, intention, desire, and consciousness. The Dimension of Infinite Consciousness. In this stage of the jnana, the following qualities of the mind of the meditator are eliminated like the perception of the dimension if the infinitude of consciousness, contact, feeling, unification of the mind, consciousness, intention, desire, perception, persistence, decision, attention, equanimity and mindfulness. The Dimension of Nothingness. In this dimension of the jnana, the perception of the dimension of nothingness, contact, the singleness of mind, perception, feelings, intention, desire, consciousness, decision, mindfulness, persistence, attention and equanimity are ferreted out from the mind of the meditator. The Dimension of Neither Perception nor Non-Perception. In this final stage and dimension of the jnanas, no qualities or characteristics of the mind of the meditator are to be ferreted out, instead, the individual experiences awakening. NOTE: The teacher would have to stress out to the student that although the two stages, the Dimension of Nothingness and the Dimension of Neither Perception nor Non-Perception are considered to be part of the jnanas that are described by the Buddha as part of the path to enlightenment, they are not part of the Noble Eightfold Path. This is because according to the Eightfold Path, the last is the Samma Samadhi or the Right Concentration. This is only part of the first to the fourth jnanas, and therefore considered to be just the start of attaining concentration. The teacher must therefore take his or her student through all the stages of the jnanas with the focus on the stage of having his or her perceptions and feelings cease to exist. E.The Nirodha-Samapatti In his path to attaining Nirvana the Buddha has made a discovery higher than the eight stage of the jnanas, or the dimension of neither perception nor non-perception. This is called the nirodha-samapatti, or the cessation of feelings and perceptions, and is sometimes considered to be the ninth jnana. The Jnanas and the Attainment of Insight Buddhist texts present the thought that if a meditator was able to progress into the ninth stage of the jnana or the stage of the nirodha-samapatti after going through all the eight stages of the jnana, liberation is attained. The meditator uses the jnana in an effort to rest the mind and to sharpen and strengthen it in the process. When this happens, he or she will be able to focus the attention into finding out the true nature of the dhamma and go on the quest to higher forms of knowledge. In this way, it can be said that the more time the meditator stays in the state of jnana, his or her mind becomes more powerful and sharper as a result. Moreover, because the presence of the five hindrances are controlled or suppressed for an extended period of time after the meditator enters the jnana, he or she will be able to feel clearer, will be full of compassion, mindful, and experience the feeling light and peaceful after meditating. Despite this positive results that the jnana brings to meditators, teachers should warn their students that they should not mistake this or assume for this to be the stage of enlightenment. What the teacher has to the student is that the practice of jnana alone cannot lead him or her to enlightenment, but it can help him or her suppress the presence of defilements that disrupt meditation. The meditators should use the jnana as a tool to develop deeper sense of knowledge and as a means to cultivate their insight on things which can help them to attain Nirvana. In the Theravada Buddhist tradition commentary made in the Visuddhimagga, the meditato is usually found in the state of post-jnana access concentration after he or she comes out of the jnana. When in this state, the meditator would be able to carry out the analysis and investigation of the true nature of phenomena and how they begin, develop insight into the characteristic impermanence of things and of suffering and the non-self. These things can only be experienced by the meditator if he or she practices the core concepts of the Buddha’s teachings. If the Visuddhimagga has included that the practice of vipassana is done after the person emerges from the jnana, it is contradicted by what is written on the suttas. In these works, it is said that the meditator can practice vipassana and gain insight while in the jnana. In fact, it encourages the meditator to stay in the fourth jnana after entering it so that the presence of mental defilements are removed and uprooted before working to attain insight can be started. Mastery of the Jnanas A successful entry and attainment of the jnana cannot be achieved if the person would just progress from one state after the other only. This means that for the meditator to fully realize the jnanas, he or she would have to attain a mastery the present state he or her is doing first before wanting to go on to higher stages. This mastery will help the meditator to easily enter and leave the jnanas at will and experience them when he or she requires it. Another benefit of this is that it will avoid the confusion that can occur later on when the manifestations of a lower level of jnana shows itself in the higher states. The following aspects of jnana mastery should be included by the teacher in instructing and guiding as student meditator in to higher jnanas in the quest to attain insight, liberation and enlightenment. Mastery in adverting. In this aspect of mastery, the student meditator should be taught on how to advert certain factors of thejnanas especially when the meditator has just emerged from it. This, he or she should be able to do at will. Mastery in attaining. This aspect allows the meditator to quickly enter the jnana quickly. Mastery in resolving. This happens when the meditator is able to remain in the jnana for a certain period of time. Mastery in emerging. The mastery of emerging allows the meditator to emerge from a stage of jnana quickly and without any perceived difficulty. Mastery in reviewing. This occurs when there is an ability on the part of the meditator to review the jnana and other factors related to it while gaining knowledge in the process. References: Richard Shankman,The Experience of Samadhi an in depth Exploration of Buddhist Meditation, Shambala publications 2008 Venerable Sujivo,Access and Fixed Concentration. Vipassana Tribune, Vol 4 No 2, July 1996, Buddhist Wisdom Centre, Malaysia. Bodhi, Bhikkhu (trans.) (2000). The Connected Discourses of the Buddha: A New Translation of the Samyutta Nikaya. Boston: Wisdom Publications.ISBN 0-86171-331-1. Henepola Gunaratana,The Jhanas in Theravada Buddhist Meditation. Pali CanonsAnguttara NikayaandDhammapada, by John T. Bullitt. Jhanas Advice: Information about the Jhanas from Tina Rasmussen and Stephen Snyder, authors ofPracticing The Jhanas: Traditional Concentration Meditation As Presented By The Venerable Pa Auk Sayadaw by Snyder, Stephen; Rasmussen, Tina. Shambhala: 2009.ISBN 978-1-59030-733-5 Jeffrey S, Brooks,The Fruits (Phala) of the Contemplative Life

Contracts and Change Orders in a Small Business :: business, contracts, customers,

I began to use change orders in business because customers always want more than they have paid for, and the longer you work with a customer the more they feel entitled to free services. A change order takes place after an original contract has been signed by both parties, and additional work is required. A change order is most often used in construction and service trades when more work must be performed than originally agreed to, because conditions arise that were not originally known to either party. A change order does not nullify the original contract, on the contrary, it adds to the original scope of work and cost of the project. I knew a contractor who owned a motor yacht with a small dinghy attached. The dinghy was named Original Contract, and the yacht was named Change Order. I started a business named AAA Computer Repair. Unaware of what services the customers would require, an hourly rate was charged that began when I arrived at the place of service, with a minimum of one hour for a service call. The charges per hour did not vary at all, for all services provided, including installing software, fixing hardware, or software training. Most service calls required less than one hour of time and customers were willing to pay for the one hour rate of service without any questions or disputes. However, I began to develop long term relationships with many of the clients, especially if they required software training. A decision was made to design a software training package, which would allow for a more manageable hourly rate and defined what was included in an eight hour training package. The more time spent with each client, the more work was acquired for their businesses, home offices, and preparing computers for college. A general contract was creat ed for seven services provided, after speaking with a lawyer to make sure the contract would be legally enforceable. "A contract is a legally enforceable agreement between two or more competent parties to perform or avoid performing, certain acts that they have a legal right to do and meet certain legal requirements (pg. 79)." The description of the services performed the cost of the specific service, the hours involved, and a place for all parties to sign and date.

The French Revolution :: European Europe History

The French Revolution Thesis: The French Revolution was a crucial event in Western History, and possibly the single most crucial influence on British intellectual, philosophical, and political life in the nineteenth century. The French Revolution was a crucial event in Western History, and possibly the single most crucial influence on British intellectual, philosophical, and political life in the nineteenth century. It presented itself as a triumph in its early stages but later proved to be a revolution of senseless revenge. With a mob composed of mainly animals, like Madame Defarge, the French Revolution is one of the most barbaric periods recorded in history. The French Revolution began in 1789 when the States General met May 5. June the seventeenth the National Assembly was declared. Then a gang of angry, mistreated peasants stormed the Bastille and murdered numerous aristocrats. As a precaution, Louis XVI and the Royal Family were removed from Versailles to Paris. The King attempted, but failed, to flee Paris for Varennes in June 1791; he was captured. The Legislative Assembly sat from October 1791 until September 1792, when, in the face of the advance of allied armies, it was replaced by the National Convention, and the National Convention proclaimed the Republic. The King was brought to trial, found guilty, and executed on January 21, 1793. In February, war was declared against Britain, Holland and Spain. The Revolution heightened. After the execution of the King, the Committee of Public Safety and the Revolutionary Tribunal were created. The most horrific time was still to come. The reign of terror, during which the ruling faction ruthlessly exterminated all potential enemies, began in September and lasted until the fall of Robesoierre on July 27. During the last six weeks of the terror, nearly fourteen hundred people were murdered in the guillotine. On October 16, Marie Antoinette was executed, and many others followed her. The revolution began to invade people's lives deeper and deeper. In November of 1793, the worship of God was abolished and the cult of Reason took its place. Battle followed battle; the Revolution raged on devouring everyone in its path. Things finally came to a halt when Napoleon Buoneparte became Emperor on May of 1804.

The Moon :: Essays Papers

The Moon The Moon is the only natural satellite of Earth: orbit: 384,400 km from Earth diameter: 3476 km mass: 7.35e22 kg Called Luna by the Romans, Selene and Artemis by the Greeks, and many other names in other mythologies. The Moon, of course, has been known since prehistoric times. It is the second brightest object in the sky after the Sun. As the Moon orbits around the Earth once per month, the angle between the Earth, the Moon and the Sun changes; we see this as the cycle of the Moon's phases. The time between successive new moons is 29.5 days (709 hours), slightly different from the Moon's orbital period (measured against the stars) since the Earth moves a significant distance in its orbit around the Sun in that time. Due to its size and composition, the Moon is sometimes classified as a terrestrial "planet" along with Mercury, Venus, Earth and Mars. The Moon was first visited by the Soviet spacecraft Luna 2 in 1959. It is the only extraterrestrial body to have been visited by humans. The first landing was on July 20, 1969 (do you remember where you were?); the last was in December 1972. The Moon is also the only body from which samples have been returned to Earth. In the summer of 1994, the Moon was very extensively mapped by the little spacecraft Clementine and again in 1999 by Lunar Prospector. The gravitational forces between the Earth and the Moon cause some interesting effects. The most obvious is the tides. The Moon's gravitational attraction is stronger on the side of the Earth nearest to the Moon and weaker on the opposite side. Since the Earth, and particularly the oceans, is not perfectly rigid it is stretched out along the line toward the Moon. From our perspective on the Earth's surface we see two small bulges, one in the direction of the Moon and one directly opposite. The effect is much stronger in the ocean water than in the solid crust so the water bulges are higher. And because the Earth rotates much faster than the Moon moves in its orbit, the bulges move around the Earth about once a day giving two high tides per day.

Low Employee Morale And High Employee Turnover Rates Commerce Essay

Hira Group comprises of two province of the art fabric units by the name of ‘Hira Textile Mills limited ‘ and ‘Hira Terry Mills Limited ‘ located adjacent to each other at 8km from Manga Raiwand Road, Lahore. Hira Textile produces cotton narration with the installation of an in house deceasing unit and Hira Terry manufactures towels.A The units, apart from bring forthing and exporting their several merchandises all across the universe, are besides a all right illustration of perpendicular integrating where at times the merchandise narration is obtained from Hira Textile and optimally weaved to do towels in Hira Terry. Hira Textile Mills has three offices, Corporate HQ in Lahore and one office in US and Canada, severally. ( Hira Textile Mills company web site )VisionA dynamic profitable and professionally managed successful concern organisation. ( Hira Textile Mills Annual Report, 2011 )MissionHira Textile Mills Ltd is committed to the highest criterions of uni ty, honestness, openness and professionalism in all of its activities whenever they are undertaken. We, the Management Team of HTML are endeavoring to better the quality of narration by continuously bettering its fabrication installations. We are committed to positioning the Company at the vertex of the industry by fulfilling our valued clients, file awaying superior returns for stockholders, by supplying congenial work environment where the employees feel portion of the organisation and be a good corporate citizen by carry throughing our societal duties. ( Hira Textile Mills Annual Report, 2011 )Future PlansAlthough the public presentation of the company is rather satisfactory during the twelvemonth but the future market state of affairs is altering to adversely due to diminish in the narration monetary values, and increase in rewards, markup rates and other input costs. The direction is taking the position of consolidation for the minute and taking advantage of new fabric policy 2 009 by moderately heightening its direct and indirect exports by bettering productiveness and quality. Aggressive selling scheme has been the major factor in HTM consistent profitableness over the last old ages. In the visible radiation of the Company ‘s overall objectives the Board of Directors on a regular basis review the Company ‘s scheme concern programs and put public presentation marks consequently. ( Hira Textile Mills Annual Report, 2011 )Businesss and MerchandisesHira Terry Mills is a province of the art Terry merchandises fabricating works apparatus in Lahore, Pakistan. The works was set up in late 2006-early 2007 with new machinery comprising of chiefly European machinery from Germany ( Dornier Air Jet Looms, Theis Dyeing, Schumale uninterrupted Double-Needle Side Hemming, Spain ( Anglada Continuous Finishing line ) , Switzerland ( Benninger Weaving readying ) and Japan ( Kindai Continuous Side Hemming, Barudan Cross Hemming and Infinity Continuous Slitting ) . The Plant is a vertically incorporate Terry maker, which has the production capableness of fabrication, all in house, yarns to towels. A The works has a big assortment of cottons in its spinning operations and is a certified manufacturer of Supima, Egyptian and Organic Cotton narrations. In add-on, it carries a assortment of other cottons such as Australian, Brazilian, California ( US ) and Turkish Cottons in medium basic and Pima and Egyptian in long staple fibres. This gives it a alone place in the market to serve better-best quality towels. The scope of merchandises extends to: Cotton Towels made from Supima, Pima, Giza and Pakistani cottons with possibility in Combed, Zero Twist, Soft Twist narrations. Merchandises range to Bathrobes, Bath towels, Hand towels and Face towels. Density in towel scopes from 400GSM to 1100GSM. Hira Textile Mills is equipped with the most modern machinery in whirling, duplicating and yarn dyeing. The whirling units comprises of 40,000 spindles. The merchandise scope varies from coarse counts to ticket counts runing from 4/1cd to 80/1cm, bring forthing Ringing Spun every bit good as Compact spun narrations, Slub and Lycra narrations. Draw frames with car levellers and conditioning machine from Xorella have besides been installed for farther betterments in the quality of narration in the of all time increasing international criterions of the universe market. Cotton Combed Carded Slub Pakistani 8/1-40/1 6/1-10/1 5.5/1-20/1 Egyptian 10/1-100/1 6/1-13/1–American 16/1- 40/1––Australian 16/1- 40/1––Organic ( Skal Certified ) 10/1-30/1––Pima ( Supima Certified ) 13/1-100/1 6/1-13/1–Beginning: Hira Textile Mills company web site ( hypertext transfer protocol: //www.hiramills.com.pk/ )Purpose of the StudyAt the start of this thesis study an explorative meeting was held with Hira Textile Mills ‘ ( HTM ) CEO, Mr. Nadeem Butt in order to research how the human resources section can be improved and whether there were any on-going HR related issues that the house was confronting. It was brought to attending that one of the most of import assets of the company was its employees and had it non been for them the company would non hold been successful in the past, particularly after the new Terry unit was installed. In order to guarantee its uninterrupted growing HTM wants to safeguard its most of import plus, its people. Mr. Nadeem Butt brought into visible radiation the issue of employee morale non being what it one time you used to be, one indicant he had was an increasing employee turnover rate. As the company grew and more people were inducted, it became harder and harder to keep the same degree of ardor, motive and trueness which was one time shared across all direction degrees, in the starting yearss of the company. Larger groups of companies like Nishat, Crescent, Sapphire, Nakhshbandi etc. have become more organized and commercial and hence attract good employees. But if HTM is to last among the giants, it is indispensable to develop and retain a pool of efficient human resources. With the senior direction approaching retirement, it has become of all time more of import to concentrate on retaining and beef uping its well trained in-between direction for sequence planning. I was asked to look into ( I ) Whether low employee morale even exists or is it merely the managers perceptual experience and ( two ) IF it does be, what is doing it and ( three ) how to cover with high employee turnover.Research QuestionTherefore my research inquiry is:â€Å" Is the employee morale depression, IF so, what are the grounds behind low employee morale and high employee turnover rates at Hira Textile Mills? †Research AimsWhat are the current fiscal and non-financial techniques being used by HTM. Determine the several importance assigned by employees to these fiscal and non-financial inducements. Determine how satisfied employees are with their several fiscal and non-financial wages. What is the current degree of employee motive and trueness. How attractive an employer HTM is in its employee ‘s eyes. Determine the consequence of fiscal inducements versus non-financial inducements on employee trueness and motive. Importance of fiscal inducements versus non-financial inducements at different organisational degrees ( lower direction, in-between direction and upper direction ) .Research MethodologyThis survey was conducted utilizing a matter-of-fact attack, that is, assorted methods were used. The start of this research survey was explorative research, in which the job was discovered, defined and agreed upon through informal meetings with the CEO and the HR section ; the descriptive portion of the survey consisted of garnering informations to fundamentally find what is presently go oning, the position quo that is ; and the explanatory portion of this survey was the illations derived based on the analysis of the gathered informations. A combination of qualitative and quantitative research was undertaken to roll up first-hand informations for this survey. Merely first manus informations will be collected for the intent of this research undertaking because no secondary informations beginnings exist as this is a house specific issue, but a thorough literature reappraisal was conducted to polish and enrich the research methodological analysis and to heighten the research worker ‘s apprehension of the research subject. For qualitative research the undermentioned technique was used: In-depth Interviews The chief ground for taking in-depth interviews was the consideration that since the participants belong to the same company, they will non portion their unfastened and honest positions with the group, had the focal point group treatment technique been used. Besides, in-depth interviews provide a opportunity to the research worker to examine deeper in to apparent on the surface issues in order to uncover the nucleus jobs. However, the most of import restriction of this technique is that the point of position received is of merely an person. It is best to utilize in-depth interviews to research the general job country or to travel profoundly into a job, e.g. specifying which variables to include in the quantitative phase of the survey and which 1s to exclude. The tool used to carry on quantitative research was: Survey Questionnaire This study questionnaire was administered via electronic mail. This was done because ( a ) This method was more convenient, ( B ) respondents were all educated plenty to understand inquiries in the written signifier and ( degree Celsius ) since merely a selected figure of employees were to be questioned, on the topographic point in the flesh questionnaire filling would hold made the respondents cautious and brought prejudice in their sentiments. Other grounds for taking questionnaires as the informations aggregation instrument are ( Khan, 2007 ) : The usage of questionnaire for aggregation of informations is comparatively inexpensive compared to other methods. Questionnaire can easy be coded and analyzed. They were more conformable to statistical analysis. They can be speedy to administrate, enabling feedback on many things to be gathered in a few proceedingss. They can be used anonymously, leting scholars the opportunity at least of giving negative feedback without the embarrassment of giving it publically. The opportunity of prejudice would be minimum because the respondent would liberate of any force per unit area of being observed through these tools. However, questionnaire technique of informations assemblage besides has some disadvantages ( Khan, 2007 ) : The Ticky Box syndrome: Peoples become conditioned to do instant responses to inquiries. Geting through the questionnaire rapidly becomes a virtuousness. Responses are made on a surface degree of believing instead than as a consequence of contemplation and critical thought. The Performing Dogs syndrome: Many people make fulling in questionnaires tend to delight the research worker. They can normally state which responses will delight the people giving them the questionnaire and the people whose work is involved in the issues covered by the questionnaire. If they like the people, they are likely to notice favourably on things. Lost Learning chances syndrome: Questionnaires are frequently used after the event instead than during it. This tends to minimise any existent acquisition results of the procedure of finishing questionnaires. The ‘wysiwyg ‘ syndrome: ‘What you see is what you get ‘ . Questionnaires produce feedback on the peculiar issues covered but frequently non on other of import issues. There is a inclination to plan questionnaires which will give positive feedback. Blue, Rosy and Purple, questionnaire: A major restriction of most questionnaires is that responses are colored by how people feel at the minute of make fulling them in. If the same questionnaire were used a few yearss subsequently, some responses may be wholly different. Yet the consequences are frequently statistically analyzed as though they reflected lasting reactions to inquiries and issues instead than fleeting, transeunt reactions. This survey was executed in three parts: Part I: Qualitative Research – In-depth interviews conducted with employees at assorted degrees of HTM and from different sections. Part II: Quantitative Research – Using the qualitative research findings a questionnaire was developed to prove these findings. Once the field work completed and informations was tabulated in excel format, ready for use and extraction, it was analyzed to reply the research inquiry and accomplish the stated research aims. Part III: Report Writing, Formatting and Referencing – This is the concluding phase of the research survey. In this phase all the tabulated informations, its research consequences and analysis are articulated into a standardised study format with proper citing to avoid plagiarism.Literature ReviewThe relevancy of this thesis subject can be derived from the get downing lines of Rihova ‘s article ( 2009 ) which argues that â€Å" The basis of a company ‘s success is aA chiseled and enforced corporate scheme which the whole company lives † In order for a company to successfully make its strategic ends, its employees need to â€Å" experience closely connected to the ( corporate ) scheme ‘s values and way and motivated to carry through the company ‘s designated ends † . Two of import things have been mentioned here by the writer, foremost, holding a well defined corporate scheme is polar to any company ‘s success and secondly, unless there is a strong connexion between the employees and these ends, employees are non likely to be motivated. In other words, the employer needs to do corporate ends as unambiguous ( this will assist in giving â€Å" way † ) and relevant for the employees as possible, so that a strong connexion can be made, hence, giving manner to motive for employees. However, this entirely does non incite motive but instead it is the necessary status which needs to be fulfilled for other motive techniques and tools to work efficaciously. Therefore, doing the thesis ‘ re search inquiry, ‘Which compensation technique reaps the highest degree of motive and trueness towards the organisation? ‘ a cardinal subject to be looked into. Ivana Rihova farther states that: â€Å" To find the outlooks, the company ‘s strategic ends are broken down in item to the degree of ordinary employees. Employees so seek motive to run into the designated ends in which the company is able to assist them by puting come-at-able conditions and steps. Hence, the public presentation of employees corresponds to how the work and wagess ( both fiscal and non-financial ) meet the employee ‘s demands. † â€Å" Conditionss and steps † here refer to the substructure, regulations & A ; ordinances and the criterion operating processs that define how work is done in a company and besides serve to enable the employees to transport out their occupations efficaciously. This is synonymous to the 7-S model ‘s â€Å" hardware and package † . The point that the writer intends to foreground here is that wagess should be based on employees demands ; otherwise it will non be able to actuate them. At this occasion the writer challenges the conventional belief that ‘the higher the fiscal wagess, the higher the motive of an employee ‘ by saying that many studies and experiments have been conducted over the old ages which yield a different consequence. Although fiscal wagess are a hygiene factor and make lend towards motive, it does non intend that they are the most optimum motive accelerator. Fiscal wagess can merely actuate employees up to a certain point, after which non-financial wagess are more utile in making motive. This decision is besides validated by economic sciences ; the labour curve of a individual employee is a downward ‘U ‘ form curve with figure of labour hours on the X-axis and the corresponding wage on the Y-axis. This downward ‘U ‘ form of the curve depicts that up to a certain point an employee is willing to work more hours for more wage, but beyond the extremum of the downward ‘U ‘ curve the employee really pre fers to work less hours for each increase in salary. It is particularly at this point that non-financial motive comes in ready to hand. Hence, there is a demand to plan a balanced compensation system which includes fiscal aswell as non-financial wagess. â€Å" Indeed, the HR map can be expected to put regulations, have knowledge and supply support, yet non-financial motive is the duty of direction, viz. senior direction and line direction. Management is truly incorrect to believe that except for direct assignment of undertakings to employees, which is ensured by the direction, the HR map can take attention of and be responsible for all other reactions of employees at work and associated with work. † The writer here talks about the wide-spread misconception among organisations today where directors assume that all types of wagess, may it be fiscal or non-financial, are the duty of the human resource section. In the writer ‘s sentiment it is merely the fiscal wagess which are the exclusive duty of the human resource section but the load of non-financial wagess should fall chiefly on direction ‘s shoulders more frequently than non.HR Trends of Employee Motivation around the WorldBy and large, in America the growing of Employee Stock Ownership Plans over the past 25 old ages have played a polar function in the compensation agreements of employees, associating employees pay construction with companies overall public presentation, including wide based stock options, addition sharing, net income sharing etc. Over the old ages, research has shown that on norm, employee ownership houses are in a place to either lucifer or to transcend the public presentation of similar houses ; nevertheless with considerable scattering of consequences. An illustration can be of United Airlines where employee ownership failed to present its promise in certain fortunes while the outstanding success of companies such as SAIC high spots that ownership helps to accomplish long term growing specially in extremely competitory industries. In order to cut down rule agent job, it is really of import to bind employee wage with the house public presentation and affect employees in decision-making procedure. In this manner non merely the employee ownership agreements will cut down any jobs accruing, but besides it would increase the public presentation of the company. One of the most common expostulations to employee ownership inducement programs is the free rider job. It arises due to the weak connexion between an person ‘s public presentation and fiscal wagess, as the work squad gets larger. As there seems no possible solution to the free rider job, many research workers agree with Weitzman and Kruse ; â€Å" something more may be needed-something kindred to developing a corporate civilization that emphasizes company spirit, promotes group cooperation, encourages societal enforcement mechanisms, and so forth † ( 1990: 100 ) . The cardinal improving factors through employee ownership plans are the inducements, engagement and work topographic point environment. The inducements given to employees must be sufficient to actuate them, engagement must be meaningful for employees to do critical determinations and environment provided should look closely at the free rider job. Consistent with this, researches that have compared workers attitude under employee ownership give a assorted image. Few of the research done have found out higher committedness, motive and satisfaction among employee-owners, while harmonizing to other researches, there no important difference before and after an employee buyout. Some research workers suggest that organisation designation and committedness are higher under employee ownership. However, consequences vary significantly from favourable to impersonal on occupation motive, satisfaction, employee absenteeism, turnover, grudges, hurts and tardiness. A successful organisation is the 1 that is able to get by with the altering demands of its employees and do them experience an of import portion of the organisation. It is the duty of the top direction to hold strong trust relationship with the lower degree employees so that the employee plants at their maximal capablenesss. Organizations expect the workers to follow the regulations and ordinances of the house and work consequently. They need to maintain in head the criterions set for them ; the employee expects regard, good wage construction, safe working environment, just intervention and unafraid calling along with engagement in determination devising procedure. The outlooks of the employees and organisational caputs vary from one house to another. For the houses to turn to such outlooks, it is really of import to hold a thorough apprehension of employee motive.Understanding MotivationHarmonizing to a research done at Piketin Ressearch and Extension Center and Enterprise Center, t here are certain factors impacting the motive degree of any employee. These factors include interesting work, good wage construction, grasp of work done, occupation security, nice working conditions, publicities and growing chances, tactful subject, being an of import portion of the organisation, personal truenesss to workers, and sympathetic aid with personal jobs. The article farther relates these factors with Maslow ‘s need-hierarchy. The top most graded incentive is interesting work, which is besides a ego -actualizing factor. Second incentive is a good wage construction that is a physiological factor. Third is the grasp factor that can besides been seen as self-esteem. Fourth incentive is the occupation security that is the safety factor. Therefore harmonizing to Maslow, out of all, the most of import factors that must be satisfied first are interesting work, physiological, safety, societal and esteem factors. Harmonizing to another survey conducted by Kovach ( 1987 ) , the order of motivational factors for the industrial employees was interesting work, grasp of the work done and experiencing an of import portion of the organisation. On the other manus, another survey conducted by Harpaz ( 1990 ) ranked the motivational factors as interesting work on figure one, nice wage construction as figure two and occupation security as the 3rd of import factor to actuate the employees of the administration. Pay construction was non ranked as an of import motivational factor by Kovach, nevertheless, it was ranked 2nd by Harpaz. Similarly grasp of work done was non ranked as an of import motivational factor by Harpaz, nevertheless, it was tanked 2nd by Kovach. This proves that the motive of employees differ amongst assorted types of work done in legion organisations. However, interesting work is considered as the most of import factor for employee motive in about any sort of work topographic point. Harmonizing to Butkus and Green ( 1999 ) , motive is derived from the word ‘motivate, ‘ which means to carry for fulfilling a demand. Harmonizing to Baron ; â€Å" Motivation is a set of procedure concerned with a child of force that energizes behaviour and directs it towards accomplishing some specific ends. † Many authors have suggested motive as the end directed behavior. Harmonizing to Kreitner and Kinicki ( 2001 ) , â€Å" Those psychological procedures that cause the stimulation, continuity of voluntary actions that are end directed † . In other words, a motivated person has the consciousness of accomplishing a specific end in some specific manner and so he puts his attempt in order to accomplish such end. Therefore, the function of the directors is to steer the lower degree employees about organisational dockets of how to accomplish its aims. It is really of import to distinguish between motion and motive. Motion does the work for compensation and wage whereas motive is the entire engagement of an person in the work given out to him. Motion can do an employee compel to make the work whereas motive is self realized jubilant of transporting out different undertaking. The research worker emphasized on motive and non motion as motive is the requirement for success because the individual is happy and satisfied with the work irrespective of the compensation. He carries out the undertaking voluntarily without any greed. Motivation is the ground for the achievement of single in any facet of work. Once the directors understand and agree that employees are of course motivated, they need to supply a nice environment for the employees to heighten their motive.Importance of MotivationPeoples motivate themselves to fulfill their ain personal ends, and hence they invest and give their best in accomplishing the organisational aims in ord er to run into with their personal ends besides. It would intend that organisational ends are linked to personal ends every bit good. The director ‘s occupation is to acquire work done from the employees under him but it is merely possible if the workers are self motivated instead than directed. The director ‘s engagement is non that of import in the motive of employees, in fact the workers should actuate themselves to work hard. Irrespective of being skilled, unskilled or professional work force, the major job organisations face is the deficiency of motive by the employees. It is besides one of the major issues faced by commercial Bankss. In this competitory universe, it is a challenge for the disposal to maintain the employees motivated so that they offer efficient services to the clients. The employee ‘s enthusiastic, energetic behaviour and their motive towards their undertaking play a polar function in successes of any organisation. One of the maps of human resource director is to guarantee employee ‘s workplace motive. They should help the director in maintaining the workers satisfied with their occupations. The service director should be able to develop motivated workers and promote their work morale. If the employees are unsated and unhappy about their workplace, their public presentation is normally hapless.Degrees of Employee MotivationBy and large, there are three degrees of employee ‘s motives. Direction of an employees ‘ behaviour ; it is the behaviour that a individual choose to execute. Degree of attempt ; it relates to how much attempt can be put by the individual to act in a certain manner Degree of continuity ; it related to individual ‘s willingness to act despite obstructions faced. Every employee has a different background in footings of instruction, experiences and household category, nevertheless the primary involvement of all is to fulfill their personal demand and desires. They want to fulfill their basic necessities of life, linked to survival and security along with a desire to bring forth positive feelings about oneself and to be self fulfilled. Most employees want just company policies in affairs impacting them ; favourable occupation position direction they can be trusted good working relationships with senior directors and colleagues ; nice wages and good working environment ; equal occupation security The article measures the consequence of Human Resource Strategies on occupation satisfaction, specifically in Pakistan. It is mentioned in the article wage, publicity and preparation has positive consequence on occupation satisfaction, nevertheless in instance of Pakistan, the employees give more importance to pay and publicity instead than developing. Significant differences were found between work forces and adult females occupation satisfaction degree. The service based industry is traveling through legion alterations for the last twosome of old ages. Due to these alterations, the minutess are increasing along with the scope of services provided. As a consequence, different sectors such as educational institutes, telecommunication houses, Bankss are sing high turnover.Motivational TheoriesHarmonizing to Maslow hierarchy of demands, people are motivated by unsated demands. The lower degree demands need to be fulfilled before traveling on to higher degree demands. In general, there are six types of demands ; physiological, survival, safety, love, respect and self-actualization. Peoples can move unselfishly merely if the first five demands are fulfilled. Maslow called theses demands as lack demands. Equally long as people are motivated to fulfill their desire for demands, they will be traveling higher towards self-actualization. Satisfying our demands is a healthy behaviour whereas forestalling satisfaction makes us act diabolic. Harmonizing to different researches, people have jobs in cognizing that precisely they want from a occupation. This is the ground why the supervisors ignore what the employee wants from the occupation, and in fact enforce on employee what they themselves want from the occupation. As the individual grows through any organisation, his employer provides chances for him to travel higher up the Maslow ‘s pyramid. Frederick ( 1959 ) modified Maslow ‘s demand Hierarchy theory and came up with the two factor theory ; Hygiene Theory. Harmonizing to Frederick, there are some satisfiers and dissatisfies for employee in any workplace. These are the intrinsic and extrinsic factors. Intrinsic factors are associated with occupation satisfaction whereas extrinsic factors are related to occupation dissatisfaction. Frederick wanted to cognize what do people want from their occupations. He asked people to depict state of affairss where they felt exceptionally good or bad. From the consequences he concluded that the antonym of satisfaction is non dissatisfaction. This means that taking the dissatisfying features from any occupation experience does n't do the occupation fulfilling. Existent of certain factor in a house is natural and presence of the same does n't take to motive. However, their non being possibly leads to de-motivation. Similarly there are few factors, the absence of which does n't do d issatisfaction, but their being has a motivational impact on the employees of the organisation. Harmonizing to Skinner ( 1953 ) , employees can be motivated by decently planing the environment. Alternatively of taking into consideration the internal factors like feelings, attitudes, feelings etc, and people are directed by what happens in their external environment. This is besides known as the support theory. The work topographic point environment should be suited and nice plenty to actuate the employees of the organisation. Victor Vroom ( 1964 ) presented anticipation theory which is widely accepted. The theory says that an employee can be motivated plenty to execute better when they believe that the better public presentation gets them a good public presentation assessment and that in bend leads to realisation of personal end in form of some wages. Therefore an employee is:Motivation = Valence x ExpectancyThe focal point of this theory is on three cardinal variables: Attempts and public presentation relationship ; Performance and wages relationship ; Wagess and personal end relationship. The Adams ‘ Equity ( 1965 ) Theory theoretical account incorporates non merely single ego but besides the influence and comparing of other people ‘s state of affairss in organizing a comparative position and consciousness of equity. When employees feel that they are treated reasonably, they are more likely to be motivated. When employees are treated below the belt, they are extremely prone to demotivation. The manner people measure this sense of equity is the bosom of Equity Theory. Therefore, equity is non dependent upon by how much the wagess exceed the attempt, it is dependent wholly on the equity of the game. It is the comparing that one makes between his wages and investing ratio with the ratio enjoyed or suffered by other employees. Harmonizing to the article, the eight top most motivational factors include safe work topographic point, just salary, publicity and growing chances in the organisation, disputing work, nice working status, sympathetic aid by people, grasp of work done and personal trueness to workers. Comparing these motivational factors to Maslow need hierarchy it can be seen that the top most motivational factor, safe work topographic point, is one of the safety needs whereas just wage is related to physiological factors. Traveling on publicity and growing chances are esteem factors and disputing work is associated with self-actualization. If we compare Vrooms anticipation theoretical account with highest ranked incentive life in a safe country, it is believed that the degree of attempt a individual puts in alterations with the value they attach to the results they get from the procedure and their thought of the strength of the relation between attempt and result. Therefore, this theory is non wholly about opportunism in wagess but the links people make between expected results and the input they feel they can give towards those results. While comparing the 3rd highest motivational factor, publicity and growing chances, to Adam ‘s equity theory, it is clear that directors want to actuate employees by supplying growing chances in equity bases. Bing unfair leads to dissatisfied employees and the public presentation will diminish.Increasing Motivation via RewardsFinancial and Non Financial RewardsIvana Rihova tackles the issue of how a good managed and effectual fiscal wagess bundle should be designed which will be just and reflective of employee public presentation and competency. The underlying thought which the writer tries to advance is associating public presentation to fiscal wagess. So foremost the writer shows how the entire income of an employee should be broken down ; entire income should consist of a ‘base wage ‘ , or minimal fixed wage that the employee receives at the terminal of each month irrespective of how he/she performs ; so comes the ‘variable wage ‘ or ‘bonus â₠¬Ëœ , this is the portion of the wage which is dependent on how good the employee is able to accomplish the set ends and marks ; and in conclusion, 'employee benefits ‘ . The degree of ‘basic wage ‘ depends on ‘external fight ‘ , that is, the traveling market pay rate which other similar companies are offering and on ‘internal equity ‘ which is the degree of rewards the company can afford to offer to its employees. However, a proviso should be kept within the basic salary graduated table for employees with a higher competence degree which will interpret into higher productiveness. Such employees ‘ wages lie at the higher terminal of the basic salary spectrum. Whereas, the influencing factors for the sum of ‘variable wage ‘ or ‘bonus ‘ are non merely the employee ‘s single public presentation, but besides the team/department and overall corporate public presentation of the company. And in conclusion, the em ployee benefits can be seen as a ‘competitive advantage ‘ for the company over its rivals. Susan M. Heathfield gives an penetration into how different companies should steer fiscal wagess in different times: â€Å" A growth, entrepreneurial company, with variable gross revenues and income, may be better off commanding the degrees of base wages. When times are good, the company can bind bonus dollars to ends achieved. In thin times, when money is limited, the company is non obligated to high base wages. A longer-term company, with reasonably stable gross revenues and net incomes, may set more money in base wage. † ( Heathfield ) So far the writer has concentrated on the design of a fiscal wages bundle ; following comes execution or expense of that bundle. Here the writer introduces two really of import constructs ; the ‘knock-out standards ‘ and ‘reward cap ‘ : â€Å" Wagess can frequently be paid merely when aA certain value in carry throughing ends is reached, i.e. , when knock out standards are met†¦ Once the company achieves its chief, normally fiscal ends, merely so can the wagess of single employees be considered. Under measure 2, the knock-out standards are applied to the single public presentation of employees. Under an interim measure, the knock out standards can be established for the public presentation of single organisational sections or squads.Once the fulfilment of ends ranges aA certain degree, the higher value of end fulfilment is no longer translated into aA higher wages, i.e. aA reward cap. The reward cap should protect the company against inordinate fulfilment of ends which might non be covered by aA proportionately higher sum of fiscal financess, for illustration, in the instance of qualitative ends. † The nucleus thought behind these constructs is protecting the house while keeping the unity of the nexus between wagess and public presentation. The knock-out standards pushes the employees to make more than merely the bare lower limit to have a fillip and the wages cap protects the house against ill set ends which may ensue into inordinate wagess. Employees exceling their ends by 10s of per centum are an indicant that the ends have non been set suitably. The writer so turns her attending towards the non-financial wagess. Ivana states that â€Å" non-financial motive is defined by corporate civilization and corporate values † . An analysis of merely this statement reveals how diverse and intangible non-financial wagess can be, therefore doing it really hard, if non impossible, for rivals to retroflex them. Harmonizing to Ivana, the first measure towards making a favourable environment for non-financial motive is, â€Å" aˆÂ ¦direct and unfastened communicating and atmosphere across the company and continues with supplying constructive provender back to employees and following aA personalized attack where possible. Non-financial motive includes basic company values such as ethical attack, trueness, empathy, bravery, leading and squad spiritaˆÂ ¦Other non-financial motive drivers of employees which the company and direction can utilize include: power – decision-making chances – duty ; self-fulfillment chances ; strong and clear vision of the company ; relationships in the group ; certainty ; acknowledgment – congratulations ; feed-back ; and esteem – relationship to authorization † Basically, non-financial motive has much to make with how an employee feels at the occupation and how he/she is treated by higher-ups and colleagues. All the non-financial motive drivers mentioned by the writer are qualitative in nature and based on the employee ‘s perceptual experience. Therefore, an inclusive and active attack by senior direction and line directors is polar in acknowledging as to which of these drivers apply to which employees. This is the individualized attack that directors must hold in order to efficaciously actuate employees in today ‘s epoch. In writer ‘s sentiment, the new coevals of employees come ining the market, the generation-Y, is acute on larning and self development. This means that on the occupation mentorship plans can be an effectual non-financial motive driver for new employees. The writer recommends that companies should implement an â€Å" incorporate public presentation direction system † . This system will profit the human resource direction via regular â€Å" employee rating and monitoring † , associating employee compensation with â€Å" employee competences † in short-term and long-term and hence enable the direction to place â€Å" above-average endowment and developing the endowment direction plan † .Net income Sharing and Employee MotivationBarf Kuvaas ( 2003 ) references in his article that there is a lifting involvement of employee ownership and net income sharing among practicians and research workers. In industrialised states and some emerging economic systems have shown really high degree of involvement in the connexion between fiscal portion, employee attitudes and steadfast public presentation. Financial wages systems have received much unfavorable judgment in the past but this new tendency of affecting the employ ees in the net income of the company and passing them a portion of the net income in signifier of fillips has its advantages. First, this sort of a program includes no excess control of employee ‘s work behaviour. If a net income is gained by the company it would be shared by the employees at the terminal of the twelvemonth. This reduces the opportunities of demotivating an employee due to his sensed degree of competency of himself therefore sabotaging their intrinsic motive ( Deci, Ryan, & A ; Koestner, 1999 ; Kohn, 1993a ) . Second, since this system links the organisational accomplishments to single accomplishments, it ensures that the bureau job is kept at a minimum degree. Employees do non seek to derive single ends as the wages is on how good the organisation does as a whole. This encourages cooperation instead than internal competition ( Kendrick, 1987 ; Kohn, 1993b ) .Thirdly, this sort of an agreement heightens employee committedness to the organisation and ensures th at the long term ends of the company are good in sync with the ends of the employees. The system gives a sense of ownership, partnership and psychological fond regard to the proprietors of the organisation and the workers. Not does it merely have a positive impact on the morale of the squads within the organisation ; it besides enhances organisational public presentation ( Pendleton et al. , 1998 )Wage and Employee MotivationAssociating employee motive to the payment of the employees, Sara L. Rynes ( 2004 ) states that human resource professional normally give a really high grade of importance to the nexus between the wage construction of an employee and his motive to execute on occupation, this belief is far from true as wage is a general incentive of an employee and non the chief ground behind his/ her motive. The paper identifies the state of affairss in which wage is more or less of import for an employee and besides grounds why directors might pay less importance to it. The tab ular array below contains findings of some major surveies that have been conducted to find the importance of wage to employees compared to other possible incentives. The first column shows the consequences of people being asked to rank the importance of wage compared to other incentives, the right manus side shows consequences of existent surveies in ongoing organisations that examine the work end product ensuing in the debut of different incentives like work redesign, increases in employee engagement, alteration in wage constructions etc. first column concludes that when people are asked straight to rank wage as a incentive, they tend to put it at a 5th degree ( range second to eighth ) in lists of possible incentives. In comparing, the existent behaviours in response to the incentives, about ever show wage as the most influential incentive of all.Specifying Job SatisfactionJob satisfaction is a term used widely and normally, yet there is n't any general understanding as to what it truly entails. Satisfaction covers a batch of different aspects and can intend different to different people. Different writers have used different attacks to specify occupation satisfaction, many of which will be covered in this literature reappraisal. Hoppock ( 1935 ) explains occupation satisfaction as â€Å" Any combination of psychological, physiological and environmental fortunes that cause a individual truthfully to state I am satisfied with my occupation † This definition adheres to the fact that although occupation satisfaction has alot of external factors impacting it, it is still an internal matter that defines the feelings of the employee. This means occupation satisfaction is a consequence of a figure of factors that create satisfaction. Vroom ‘s ( 1964 ) definition of occupation satisfaction involves the function an employee dramas in his workplace. He defines occupation satisfaction as an â€Å" Affectional orientations on the portion of persons toward work functions which they are soon busying † Harmonizing to Spector ( 1997 ) , occupation satisfaction has to make with how people feel about their occupation and its other facets. The degree to which they like or dislike the occupation that creates occupation satisfaction or dissatisfaction in a work state of affairs. Positivity and negativeness of an employee towards his work, are both are a portion of occupation satisfaction. When an employee joins an organisation, he comes with preconceived impressions about the sort of occupation he is acquiring into. He harbours certain demands and outlooks about his work and his satisfaction depends on the extent to which his outlooks are met, whether or non the existent awards match the 1s in his belief. An person ‘s workplace behavior is really closely linked to his satisfaction towards his occupation ( Davis et al.,1985 ) . Harmonizing to kaliski ( 2007 ) an employee ‘s sense of accomplishment and his success on his occupation is a portion of occupation satisfaction. This is thought to be straight linked to productiveness and personal well being. It besides implies making the occupation one enjoys and is suitably rewarded for. Job satisfaction is non merely the key to acknowledgment, publicity, and income and feeling of fulfillment, it is besides enthusiasm and felicity with one ‘s work. Statt ( 2004 ) defines occupation satisfaction as the degree of contentment of an employee with the wagess he gets for his work particularly in footings of intrinsic motive. Armstrong ( 2006 ) relates the positive and favourable attitudes towards the occupation as occupation satisfaction and the negative and unfavourable feelings to occupation dissatisfaction. Goerge et Al ( 2008 ) depict occupation satisfaction as ; â€Å" Job satisfaction is the aggregation of feeling and beliefs that people have about their current occupation. People ‘s degrees of grades of occupation satisfaction can run from utmost satisfaction to extreme dissatisfaction. In add-on to holding attitudes about their occupations as a whole, people besides can hold attitudes about assorted facets of their occupations such as the sort of work they do, their colleagues, supervisors or subsidiaries and their wage † Whereas Mullins ( 2005 ) is of the position that ; â€Å" Job satisfaction is a complex and multifaceted construct which can intend different things to different people. Job satisfaction is normally linked with motive, but the nature of this relationship is non clear. Satisfaction is non the same as motive. Job satisfaction is more of an attitude, an internal province. It could, for illustration, be associated with a personal feeling of accomplishment, either quantitative or qualitative † The efficiency and effectivity of a concern organisation is frequently related to occupation satisfaction of its employees. The new managerial paradigm believes that employees should be treated as human existences that they are and their single demands, outlooks, personal desires be kept under consideration as these guarantee occupation satisfaction. The logic behind analysing occupation satisfaction is that a satisfied employee is a happy employee and a happy employee is a successful/efficient/effective employee. The importance of occupation satisfaction is heightened when the drawbacks of an unsated employee are seen, that is disloyalty, high absenteeism and higher figure of accidents etc. Spector ( 1997 ) provinces three cardinal characteristics of occupation satisfaction as Human values should be kept as the guidelines for organisational policies. Organizations following this are more likely to handle their employees with regard and equity. Appraisal of the employee occupation satisfaction in such instances is a good manner of cognizing employee effectivity. High occupation satisfaction means the employees have a good emotional and mental province. The operation and activities of an organisation are mostly affected by the behavior of its workers and their degree of satisfaction. This implies that a positive behavior consequences from satisfaction whereas the negative behavior of employees is a consequence of their dissatisfaction. Job satisfaction can be an index of organisational activities. Job satisfaction ratings present fluctuations in satisfaction degrees of different units within a company. This, in bend, serves as an indicant as to which organisational unit alteration can hike public presentation. The undermentioned figure given by Christen, Iyer and Soberman ( 2006 ) provides a theoretical account of occupation satisfaction and its elements: Job related factors Role perceptual experiences Job public presentation Firm public presentation Figure 1 – Christen, Iyer and Soberman â€Å" Model of Job Satisfaction † ( 2006 ) Figure 2 shows Lawler and Porter ‘s ( 1967 ) theoretical account of occupation satisfaction which unlike Christen ‘s theoretical account puts high accent on wagess impacting occupation satisfaction. This theoretical account represents intrinsic and extrinsic wagess as indirect factors impacting occupation satisfaction and the perceptual experience of the sort of wage the employee deserves as the chief factor. Figure 2- Lawler and Porter ‘s â€Å" Model of Job Satisfaction † ( 1967 ) Locke and Latham ( 1990 ) supply a wholly different thought of occupation satisfaction in their theory. Their theory is that undertakings set at higher degree or in other words, the undertakings that are non easy come-at-able and supply a challenge to the employees and put high outlooks for success create high satisfaction degrees. Figure 3 shows their theoretical account of occupation satisfaction Figure 3 – Locke and Latham ‘Model of Job Satisfaction ‘ ( 1990 )Industry AnalysisThe importance of the fabrics sector for Pakistan ‘s economic system can be exhibited by merely reexamining a few facts: The fabric sector of Pakistan employs about 40 % of the entire labour force ( Beginning: Pakistan Board of Investment ) . For the twelvemonth 2011, fabric sector ‘s part towards Pakistan ‘s GDP was 8.5 % . ( Beginning: APTMA Chairman Review Report 2011 ) The portion of fabric exports out of entire Pakistan ‘s export is about 52.8 % presently. ( Beginning: State Bank of Pakistan, Economic Data ) These figures are more than plenty to set up what an of import sector fabric is for Pakistan ‘s economic system. Now let us reexamine what is presently go oning in this sector. Below is the break-up of the current figure of textile units in the state, courtesy Ministry of Textile Industry:Large SectorNO OF UNITSSizeSpining Unit of measurements458 a ) 10.906 M. Spindles B ) 202356 RotorsComposite Unit of measurements50 10416 LoomsIndependent Weaving Unit of measurements150 27500 Shuttle less LoomsCompleting Unit of measurements115—Garments Unit of measurements800—Small and Medium SectorNO OF UNITSSizeIndependent Weaving Unit of measurements425 50,000 LoomsPower Looms245442 Looms 295442 Looms ( Conventional )Completing635Terry Towels800 10000 Looms 700 bird lessCanvas2000 Looms 300000 ( Industrial )Garments5000 450000 ( Domestic ) ( Sewing Machine )Knitwear1200 18000 However, Pakistan ‘s fabric sector has been, and for the most portion still is, traveling through a period of convulsion. â€Å" The fabric ministry has acknowledged closing of 90 large units in 2008 entirely. Each company employed a lower limit of 1,000 workers. â€Å" Hundreds of 1000s have lost occupations, † Federal Adviser on Textile Dr Mirza Ikhtiar Baig, told The News. † â€Å" Baig said that the higher mark-up rates, energy crises, jurisprudence and order state of affairs and the planetary recession were the major grounds behind occupation cuts from fabric sector. A company can non prolong itself if the production units are unopen 15 yearss a month due to power outage, he said. The import of readymade garments from China has besides affected the local maker. â€Å" It started from places, pencils and ballpen pens and now go oning with the garments, † Baig said. The record of Pakistan Hosiery Manufacturers Association ( PHMA ) shows closing of 245 companies from the hose and knitwear sub-sector entirely in last five old ages. Of which 99 units were closed in 2008 entirely. These units employed 100 to more than a few thousand workers each. † [ Beginning: The World Trade Review, 2009 ] All in all around 350 units were closed with many more merely hardly lasting. The major jobs being faced by Pakistan ‘s fabric sector are: Energy Crisis – deficit of gas and electricity may hold reduced for families, but industry still suffers from an acute shortage of supply. Law, Order & A ; Terrorism – fabrics sector has suffered greatly because of abysmal jurisprudence and order state of affairs in the state. Rampant and frequent terrorist onslaughts in the yesteryear have left foreign purchasers scared of even come ining Pakistan, allow alone visit mills in distant industrial countries. Poor Country Image Perception – due to terrorism studies on and in Pakistan, foreign purchasers and consumers have developed a negative image of Pakistan in heads, hence doing its merchandises seem inferior in quality. Market Access – with Bangladesh having the GSP+ position from EU in 2010, Pakistan ‘s entree to market is farther reduced. A GSP+ position means that Bangladesh ‘s merchandises would confront a lower duty rate in EU, doing them cheaper for the purchasers. Increased Competition – While Pakistan ‘s fabric sector is stuck contending at several foreparts, India, Bangladesh, China and even Sri Lanka ‘s markets are eating up our market portion and hammering new bonds with foreign purchasers. High Interest Rate Regime – Harmonizing to APTMA Chairman Mr. Gohar Ejaz â€Å" Regional rivals, from 2005 onwards induced investing to develop ample capacity and as a consequence the fabric exports of our chief rival increased from $ 12 billion to $ 30 billion. The instrument used was the Technology Up-gradation Fund Scheme ( TUFS ) that provided for a remittal of involvement rate up to 50 % for investing. Similar strategies visualised here did non happen because of the characteristic spread between policy and execution. † [ Beginning: APTMA Chairman Review Report 2011 ] As a consequence, smaller companies who have limited economic systems of graduated table are confronting the brunt of competition in Pakistan. Larger companies who can afford to do immense substructure investings are accommodating to these jobs by constructing their ain independent beginning of power supply, while some other have even started to contemplate switching their units to Bangladesh or Turkey in order to bask the same benefits as their planetary rivals are basking.