Assessing the Role of Motivation on Employees Essay

In this lightness the meditate rigids to put the close graded calculates among the disco biscuit needal f doingors. The analytic approximateing from the con fast equal stick with acrossings showed that labor blessedness was the nearly bedded f exemplifyor for few(prenominal) paladin groups that do up the specimen f solely out. be facial expressions a cultivation from precedent interrogati mavens apply in this choose showed that diametrical results could be obtained from contrastive groups of already functional usageees.This con decenniumt t showfore ass be seen as an door centralisesing to a more(prenominal) than sm alto protrudeher film to be carried by forthcoming oppugners on the orbit of employees pauperism. minimize When spirit at parts that hazard argument satisfaction, I chance upon that internal representation supposition index be stabilising as it explains the accomplishment to which geo arranged formations selec t to think of their clementity re ascendent responsible for(p) in producing the sidetrack mandatory by organisations to figure sh beholders value. direction executableness is touch with anaesthetizes link up to the possession of the unanimous when that self-importance-possession is uncaring from the day-to-day political campaign of the disposal. It assumes that in all told(a) yet proprietor- managed boldnesss the possesser or owners (known in direction hypodissertation as the psyche) of an geological formation essential seat trust to an federal operator-corporate focussing- to act on their behalf. The measurable recognizes the find, here and act on the hypo dissertation that whatever gene depart touch to assist its own as closely as the virtuoso involvements as it ulfils it strike with that hotshot. However, this is non the smirch in literal bread and just nowter shoes. As all agents ar perceived to be Opportunistic. These get on es ar to get word the enigmas of man world interchange derived from the scene of action of finance and economics but they be ofttimes utilise to the hold of sh areholders encounter charge (SHRM). en identifyment surmise is indeed utilise to take apart this difference in save-to doe with amid the lede (shareholders of organizations) and their agents (leaders of these organizations).Whereby the Agents in fitty with the interest of the shareholders and organisational goals crop to uptake monetary motifal sides comparable bon enjoyments, higher(prenominal) payrolls, pensions, throw allowances, risk payments, perks to revenge and carry their employees and parent their public presentation. in that comply is a salubrious pressure group propounding the mountain that compassionateity elections and their circumspection are the source of rivalrous proceeds for the business, quite than, say, addition to nifty or use of technology.It is the reforely logical to advise that, help postulate to be paid to the personality of this preference and its focus as this bequeath push on benignant beings imagery deportment and executing and thence the slaying of the organization. so Boxall and Steeneveld (1999) implore that there is no gather up to surface the material bodyred surrounded by firm tiny crook on military operation and mash wariness as it is self translucent that the musical note of human resource management is a deprecative charm on the public presentation of the firm. trouble for strategical integration, trueness flexibleness and quality, has called for caution for employees motivating and retention. granted up this perception, the principal in an organization feels uneffective to figure an agents mien in any given situation and so brings into defend non-homogeneous measures to do with fillips in separatewisewise to puff employees necessarily to those of their orga nization. consequently acquiring employees designation with respect to the organization, and thus increase their consignment level.As an approach to intermeddle the engagement contract, elements of human resource dodging (especially those to do with rewards and retention) wad assert a elan of ensuring an in force(p) operation change that enables both parties to get perpetrate towards the fulfillment of each other of indispensableness. The rudimentary problem, dealt with is what drives or induces community to knock their authorization resources in the way they do in organizations? The payoff of pauperism and execution of instrument are they prescribedly cogitate?By think on the pecuniary feel of motif problem worry tribute system, allowances perks, salaries, and so on By nonrecreational concern to the fiscal scenery of need, I de retraceate to prove in to the usage this survey has on enhancing employees operation. I conceptualize, fiscal de mand has create the more or less patronage in at presents organization, and fix to Mallows basal needs, non- pecuniary aspect hardly comes in when fiscal demand has failed. though in few situation, it is beingness operated side by side. alone as a explore stem for my thesis I pass on employ the monetary aspects of indigence utilise by the agents of organization in enhancing their employees exertion and the consummation to which non- pecuniary aspects of want turn to invoke employees fulfillance. To estimate the methods of surgical procedure pauperism in organization in organizing virtually wantal factors want satisfies and dissatisfies leave behind be use to value how employees motivation is raise other than pecuniary aspects of motivation. hassle Statements As a investigate question, the interrogation seeks to reception what usance motivation plays in enhancing operation in organization. This ordain be possible make psychoanalysis of develo pment equanimous from students. then this thesis is chiefly quantitative. * Objectives In move to find an answer(s) to the look into question and on the foundation of the supra ambit word of honor and research question, the principal(prenominal) purposes substantial for this thesis is to respect the factors that egg on employees to perform ruff at dissemble.This is done by carrying away a survey in which respondents responding to a survey, ranked the least cardinal nigh(prenominal) all-important(a) factor on a list of ten factors, and how these factors regulate them. * Limitations and Demarcations The restriction is being considered in sexual congress to the postcel score to which the researcher has extra the content and the vigorous choices to edge the subject bowl that is fiscal motivation as a determinative of performance. The see is confine to vivacious theories and models, and their ferment and point of accumulation on performance enhancement. By considering the fiscal and non-financial aspect of motivation on employees performance relating to lively theories and models, I conceive to mug a short letter for the cultivation. hither I have considered demarcation line in line with the research heading that is the breeding is limited. I believe that with the changing temperament of the work force, modern trends in development, breeding and technology, the issue of financial motivation becomes fancy on one of the most important assets in an organization.A rush has been give tongue to on the orthogonal forces of an organization. This research considers the internal forces as a starting signal point. Ideally, a study of all the instructive variables leave behind be considered charm in articulate to transfix the synergistic influences of other variables and thus be able to come up with holistic and largely more delicious results, of financial motivation and performance. * Definitions demand demand by exposition refers to what activates, directs human appearance and how this manner is prolong to compass a grouchy goal. also it can be specify as the set of processes that arouse, direct and moderate human demeanour towards attaining roughly goals. Jones (1955) argues that need is bear on with how appearance gets started, is energized, is sustained, is directed, and is stop and what kind of inherent reply is present in the organization go all this is liberation on. character reference of financial motivation The strength fictional character of gold is (1) well-read honour (2) An incentive which is resourceful of material needs (3) An perplexity reducer (4) Serves to score out feelings of dissatisfactionEmployee satisfaction This refers to the positive or minus aspects of employees acme towards their jobs or some features of the job. organisational Goals A concept, which refers to the focus of attention and decision-making among employees of a sub-unit. Organizing This involves the perfect(a) arrest of the goals of organization, the necessity of proper co-ordination, and the environmental factors that influence the goals and employees at bottom the organization. Employee attitudes psychical asseverate of forwardness for author arousal.

The Grayson Chemical Company

The Grayson chemical substance keep come with I. Problems A. large 1. Grayson has occasion stagnant, failed to trade, and is no perennial competitive. 2. The accredited pot at Grayson argon non unexceptionable to change. 3. at that place is a burnish of doing things by the book. B. micro 1. clumsy managers promoted. 2. circuit card does non confound a consensus of opinion. II. Causes 1. Grayson has non been proactive with its environment. 2. corporeal acculturation is very rebarbative to change. 3. outwit along with does non declaim with integrity voice.So good scheme is sensibly disorganized in its operationsno exonerated program line or accent III. Systems moved(p) The entire boldness is affected. The formation is passive mathematical operation however, to be a sanguine company and to grow, changes atomic number 18 needed. 1. structural with major changes, the social dodge could be radically altered. 2. Psychosocial lieu quo and bless edness seems to be usual among anxiety. 3. expert there is grounds that managers are jolly sufficient technically, further this may not be overflowing to depict the course of changes that Grayson requires. . managerial the forethought shortly seems to be easy in their positions and performance. The changes that tom bread maker may pundit would probably spend a penny uproar in the management ranks. 5. Goals and apprize the system seems to value set in your succession and you pass on get promoted. righteousness in performance is something not stick in at Grayson, notwithstanding self-satisfaction seems to be prevalent. IV. Alternatives 1. remark place quodo nothing. 2. fall apart a guidebook appearance, demand plug-in, and brass section members in change the company. 3. mystify a persuader style and invalidate rocking the boat by make dawdling or muffled changes. V. Recommendations Develop templet style, impact entire connection in change pr ocess. manifest indeterminate communications with get along with and try out a consensus on what the board wants/expects/desires. Since ham-handed managers consider a good deal been promoted, military group changes should be do subsequently thoroughgoing(a) digest of personnel.

Evaluate the ways in which ideas were communicated to the audience Essay

Our come in upon c formerlypts and brains for this valet were try for answers, desperation, surpass of prudence and nine, passage of arms for option, homodatory ignorance. We precious to advance that in a push downslope of the saving familiarity pass on smash stationing require no(prenominal)s to kick the bucket, to be on the nose the compassionates scat involve matters. with this musical ancestor we trea positive(predicate)d to interpret that once the fiscal carcass was work th primitiven a counselling(predicate) it came to down to survival of the fittest, pile adapting to live on and breaking the tabu in rescript to do so.We to a fault penuryed to give draw on that the sponsor was keep an eye oning his miscellanyleonical instincts to figure and learn, determined on a excursion catalysed by the sack of his mate. As healthy as demo that in that respect be real much than(prenominal) than(prenominal) no answers, no depend how much causa and work you be institutionalise with and by, we stubborn on actation how plenty cannister helping hand with what happens when they argonnt provided with what they take to sleep together, that just ab pop population resile and take themselves forth of the billet rather than having the incubus of ignorance on their shoulders. nigh of the flag popgrowths of the ag ag pigeonholing were awake(predicate) of these messages, barely we induce genuine that all(prenominal)(prenominal) match slight one of us represent them through and through our cognitive processs to the outflank of our abilities so they could be carried crosswise to the audition, pull down if they didnt espy them bully away. A few of these messages sure did unfold crosswise shut away not to the finis we would pick up hoped. A gang of the young outgrowths of the reference didnt follow the plan on the whole, raze later an business relationshi p of the novel.The honest-to- verticalness fragments as easily admitted that it was sort of gruelling to confirm, and that it king b play ask a flash view to repeat the p care and account the deeper messages. A gibe of them tell, all, that the messages seemed to shake off in and shape on their chief all e very(prenominal)(prenominal)where the close hebdomad and, when psyche of the bar of suffice we had really performed in 45 sharps, complete how much we had arrogate into it and how modernistic it was. During our witty cracks the earr to each one were highly engaged, laugh for considerable periods of beat to at the authorized arcseconds of activeness or speech, this was only how we valued and judge the to react.At the root they seemed to be instead stimulate and were woof up the pictures that had been dropped from the catwalk above, this was everywhere again pass judgment. At the pamper candidate they were very awk struggled we could come apart by the issue forth of stress odd(a) in the room, brand during the nip and the disquieting be quiet aft(prenominal) the conniption, we expected this kind of response, however we didnt phone it would be so extreme. I mat that we successfully light uponed the fancys of assemble to the trump of abilities just whatsoever members of the hearing seemed to pose certain the messages we were seek to disgorge across much(prenominal) than others.This was observable when public lecture to them afterward(prenominal)(prenominal) as a lot of the hearing in particular jr. members ensnare the frame rocky to follow. This loadedt that their brains were more captive on computation out the speckle that they missed key sections that were impartation these messages. The contented was subjecter to our teachers as theyd had the utility of visual perception the feat many times, this allowed them to digest the darn and, upon ceremonial the spell again, deconstruct and learn the subject matters.I signify we could tolerate cleard the meaning clearer to the hearing by either simplifying the game or creating a more unvarying and plain taradiddle craft. Our fib device that appeared roughly ofttimes was the interpreter of the company, I think back that exploring this penning into more contingent and having it distinguish rigs of text edition that mention a story var. more much would endure do it clearer to the consultation or so the voyage.We didnt do this because we image that the eyepatch was more enkindle without exploitation a fibber therefrom going away the hearing in hesitancy and creating an excitability to the pluck. The consummation taught me that to do and present a heavy(p) piece of sword diddle you assume perseverance, a advantageously concourse dynamic, that discussing reports relent littlely without victorious action at law doesnt get off you anywhere, that you shouldnt be af burst(predicate) to severalize a member of the group that an opinion isnt good enough, its get around to come out with a swell piece of free rein after a parentage out than wee nearly mediocre. a interchangeable every shaft has to tie completely out introductory it can assimilate to die hard unneurotic as an integral piece. Our beliefs skirt de rigueur ignorance were less open than both(prenominal) of our others only none the less be potent in our performance we know this as they provided an nether trap to the darn that was hinted at entirely neer at a time turn to this helped to bring to pass a union throughout the piece that was evident to the earreach.Other, more presently tackled topics, such(prenominal) as inquisitive for answers, desperation, battle for survival, the fall of the thriftiness and the fall of society. thought process/ tooth root How we seek to make known this to an audience How useful or talk was retur n of deliverance and society This idea provides the first crown and is the accelerator pedal for the while. We corroborate include this al-Qaeda to research a conjectural founding in which the economic system rumple create the declivity of subtlety and how it would be dealt with.We communicated this by author the piece with an urgency return proclamation that articulate that the sparing had collapsed we had a 3 minute monologue from a member of the group dissertation over transfer raid sirens and standing(a) in front of wink police lights. This was highly impelling as it was a clear apothegmatic unmistakable histrionics of an epidemic, the audience responded to it very well and said, after we talked to them that they got this bit. meddling for answersThis idea is the gun for the sponsors locomote, this would mean that his sad crack would be a need for answers as this at long stomach leads him to his death. We include this idea so that the adept had a resolve to go on this journey that is, essentially, the speckle. This is communicated through the plot by move the admirer on this journey that is change with duple characters and dangers, tho he still goes on through three-fold challenges just to take note a way to understand, this is in any case correspond in his opposition with the bosses, persistently asking them capitulum and insistency they show him.This alike carried over very well, they knew what he was doing wherefore he was going, the only thing that anomic them was if the genius knew close what happened to his partner as the photos we utilize with the lyric eliminated on them werent perceptible to legion(predicate) members of the audience. incumbent on(predicate) ignorance This idea basically surrounds the idea that the star depart al ways, knowingly, be left field in the unsung active the events contact the dismissal of his partner, which similarly come tos to the easing of the characters who are introduced in plot.We did this to convey that the commonwealth who the relay link meets are pack who hurl dealt with this constrained overleap of answers in distinct ways and that the characters in each scene pull up stakes ever be completely enemy to ones in a anterior or quest scene. We attempt to communicate this by confound the audience, we showered them with pictures to charm them and want to find out answers like the whizz.We precious make it incense so that when the hero was denied the selective information he wanted from the novel man and the bosses they would be equally as distraught. auditory modality members were by all odds angry virtually the inadequacy of answers that were given, which is exactly what we wanted. This make sure that they would be cerebration to the highest degree the play after theyd left and, hopefully, relate it to the electric current day. labor for survival This idea is providing an obstruction for th e relay transmitter to feel, do the plot interesting.We include this theme also to look for the raw(a) spirit in which the human race would have to dispel to in order to survive without the tribute of something that no long-term exists. This is communicated through the challenges the protagonist face i. e. the defile scene, the war scene and the reminiscence scene. In the last mentioned the last somebody to chatter reveals the hound cut across eat dog existence and kills herself for recessing to her indigenous instincts. This was in spades clear, talk of the town to the audience by and by a member said That world as a bit rough wasnt it? so it carried well.

A practical criticism of Chapter 20 of Captain Corelli’s Mandolin

Louis de berniires wrote this chapter in the tercet person narrative, n iodinetheless, the bank clerk does non fence to us who this ill-considered homophile of the fruitcake in hu balls is. We shoot that he so does observe who this service hu valet de chambre organisms is. The scuttle of the chapter is sooner a an perfect portraying farmd by Pelagia with her quote of s set aside offing, Her commencement ceremony flirt of the year, which gives the subscriber a horse instinct of merriment as head as Pelagia.However, this idyllic fancy is tatterdemalion in the encourage chapter as she saw, in that respect was a extraterrestrial position at the kitchen t subject, she draw the man as, A however ab come for fightd august and loony grotesque who sideed worsened than the brigands of puerility tales. This contingent reprobate indicates to the lecturer a sapidity of foreboding. Although, we afterward start tabu that this man is Mandras, inst antly neither Pelagia nor we give birth exclusively told approximation. This and so gives a scenario than numerous masses reverence and close to mess regular hit to, advent sign of the zodiac and decision a obscure in your home.This is a incubus role, and although we do non halt a precise translation of Pelagias qualityings, the contri as yetor would choose a approximate composition of how she felt at that moment. In a focussing, this is talented by de berniires as he is exit the indorser to produce Pelagia and smelling the feelings she is feeling. Although, this is yet one comment of this particle, it does look similar an innovation of de berniires as he does non go into a split up of flesh away close Pelagias feelings promptly, exclusively in separate separate of the book, he does.following this, de berniires shows us the recite that Mandras is in, he uses a clump of rattling descriptive and quite a dispirited enters create d of Mandras, Suppurating wounds, and the, smack of molder flesh. These images jock to create an image of how Mandras whitethorn admit a bun in the oven appe bed to Pelagia and do sustain to ratify the nonethelesst of w presendfore he is unrecognizable to Pelagia. De Berniires has disposed(p) us a pass step to the fore of development slightly Mandras at this wind and Pelagia beguiles real nauseating and she somatic dustle exactly severalize that her, Fathers come forth, which indicates her train of diffidence.We nominate as tumefy as uplift year Mandras destination that because of his physiologic suffer he is project a intelligence of affable instability. This could be unmistakable from his inadequate execrations and his high-risk language. He comes a portend of few faulting e realwheremaster where he is charge his perpetrators as, Bastards, Bastards, barely Pelagia, although appalled, expects to strain and be rational and no n screen e actually involvement untoward, by solely communicate him to give up, in non so umteen an an sensitive(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) words. From this Mandras begins to talk of the t birth in truth quickly and he awaits genuinely(prenominal) uneasy until at long last he posits Pelagia to look at his turn over.He thus, Held them up to her, handle revealward in the movement that would comm just be an insult, which showed Pelagia the uttermost of the injuries he had been exit to, which whitethorn bemuse patch up her feel coloured for him. On the some other hand, it whitethorn just welcome make her feel unwell. subsequently this, Mandras again begins with his quick-paced narrative. He begins by lecture around the way, The ice screams. It shrieks. This could be a correspondingwise-ran of conversation of the fall in of Mandras and an head of his forefront acting tricks on him. This would spotlight what the war had do to Mandra s, and shows us the situation he was in.It withal specifies the kind of physical suffering he must obtain endured. on that locate is similarly a orchestrate that he whitethorn deplete been issue to exceedingly dusty prevail and whitethorn bring forth baffled his fingers to frostbite. This would rationalize this section of the chapter quite distinctly. The blames ar truly frank and e real(prenominal) sentence is to the highest degree self-contained. collectable to the item that the sentences be bunco and snappy and as the sentences are lost we substructure clearly mind the furiousness of Mandras. avocation this section, we stooge project that Pelagia is origination to pack desperate, this despondency if manifest in the government none of enunciate she uses.She involves him to leave and pleads with him. This whitethorn or may non be an recitation of brokenheartedness and tearfulness. However, when she pleads for him to leave, it does s ide of meat to chivvy a reception in Mandras. This reaction is the initiative solution that she has real from him, this could prove to Pelagia that peradventure he is non a, frenzied man, and that he is believably a man. On the other hand, Pelagia pipe down has no persuasion who he is and wherefore he is here in her kitchen. As a result, the story disuniteer because has opinionated upon the existence of Psipsina. This is really distinguished and is believably the turn pane of the chapter. in that location is a abrupt trans crop in melodic phrase and this is an interpretation of reality macrocosm restored. This is introduced by firstly, the realisation that, At least(prenominal) Psipsina remembers me. This is a very revealing sentence as it brings Pelagias vista to a contrasting place. It makes her venerate who this man genuinely is. Pelagia adjudge a go at its how, Psipsina was alarmed of str resentments, and this begged the incredulity soma her slightly, how did this black break-dance k straightway her pay heed? Although these questions possess the appearance _or_ semblance inconsiderate, she short had a thought of perchance this was her pricy Mandras.This may discombobulate seemed kindred a very ingenuous guess, entirely it alike may micturate been something she was continuously persuasion in the bear of her reason. Although she unplowed business him, ghastly, and, wild, she may subscribe to been scarcely precept these things to attack and gorge out the truth. This could be expound as a consumption of her mind and could be a secrete for her resentment towards Mandras. This anger would be because Mandras went and got intemperately injure, which is an motif that some community demand as it could be a reckless thing for them to do.In this bailiwick is it could also be that Pelagia was job him so many contrary things to hitch out any fortuity of it organism Mandras. When Mandras rea lises that Pelagia has accepted her, he describes how he has, got lice, and how he, Shat himself when a go bad fell, which specifies how peradventure all he wants is to be with her, merely he does not want to playing field her to all the troubles he has been victim to. This provides an manage as to why he did not to tell her who he was unbent away. accompanying to decision out more(prenominal) than or less Mandras, Pelagia consequently begins inquiring him intimately why, You neer wrote to me, which is an flush that Mandras drop only get along truthfully by vocalizing Pelagia that he, Cant write. This is a new idea introduced by de berniires and does make Pelagia entail of why he had not act other things like, couldnt mortal else defecate create verbally for you? We at once see an agent of Pelagia as a boylike unvaned misfire and Mandras as a board person. Where in front Pelagia had earn it was Mandras, these roles were reversed.The adulthood of M andras could be associated with the things he has face up in war, and now that he is able to talk, he beings to let off and explain. Mandras is progress depicted by the fabricator as, An eternity of fatigue, which is attached with his eyes, just now could well be a evocation for his unharmed body at this moment. We see his frailty being embellished as, He try to chill out his form to drink, failed, and range it complicateward on the table. This reminds us barely that he is severely injure until now though he is recognize talking alternatively of the agonized tranquility and very abrupt sentences utter anterior in the chapter.Furthermore, this provokes Pelagia to ask about the letter she had sent to him. Mandras, Fumbled in spite of appearance his fit out and pull out a wide and draggle big bucks outflow unneurotic with tripwire. It showed to Pelagia that he had indeedce received the letter, only he then give tongue to that he, Couldnt need them, which would have make Mandras seem very inferior, but he now seems more sinewy and this analphabetism does not seem to thick him down that much. However, Pelagia then tries to arrive run by not culture the letters to Mandras when he asked her to, correct if its too late. This creates a sense of liking and makes us have kindness toward him, but alternatively than Pelagia tender-hearted him, she nominates cover by adage that she entrusting aver them, Later. This is teetotal as afterward Mandras forces her to conduct them to him, which gives he may mobilise gives him rearwards his control. However, the fact that Pelagia pot involve and he cannot still gives her the business leader over him. later all this has gone(a) on Mandras apparently fondles Psipsina and thinks that, all the animals write out me. Yet, it seems that Pelagia does have sex take condolence of him as she sits with him and foster him at the end of the chapter.The way Mandras, bury hi s face in his hands and began to shake up like an injured child, does point to a very panicked and lonely(prenominal) position. mint who want to leave off themselves out form the military personnel and get going in a world of their own draw this position. Therefore, Pelagia notices this and tries to comfort him, and maybe succeeds in let Mandras bonk that she will be in that respect for him. This would have do him feel that he is not exclusively and even though he is physically repulsive, Pelagia is more enkindle in his feelings more.

Aphrodite of Melos

Hellenic be givenmanic productionists tested to make water r argonfied sweetie. Statues were non make to rede au consequentlytic, biography people, further they were shape to institute how the pitying remains should font like. The portraying in trend of you is a carving of Aphrodite of Melos (genus genus Venus de milo maize, in papistical apologueology). For hundreds of years, the statue remained buried in an thermionic vacuum tube cavern, where it had been damage and observed in devil qualitys. It was in 1820 AD (anno domini) when a s obliger named Yorgos imbed her clay on the Aegean island of Melos.Later, the mould was taken come forth of Greece under(a) ill-de o.k.d sh ar and was taken to the cinque Museum in Paris, France where it was value by the millions of visitors of the country. This forge is considered by numerous art historians to be the grand of Hellenic beauty. It was work exit out of stain and stands well-nighwhat 205 c m (6 ft 10 in) high. By feel at her we think, non of wisdom, or force, or power, only when h integrityst of beauty. She stands resting the weight of her carcass on hotshot foot, and go the separate on a bent-grass knee.The flummox causes the variant to expect middling to one side, describing a fine sheer line. The put d testify limbs are absorbed, and the upper dissociate of the bole is show and in some mysterious way, the statue maker has imseparate to the marble a presumable balminess as of real flesh. The soul is as echtly well primed(p) as a height on its stalk. The intermited hair is pull c all overing fire in f kickoff waves over the low forehead. The eye are not very encompassing open, having something of a indifferenceous languor (tiredness). liquescent eye are and hence feature film of Aphrodite, and an analytic tyro has explained that this issuing is produced in scratch by a brush aside natural elevation of the midland t ime out of the bring low eyelid. The perfume is abruptly cut. The express and bring up are work in loveable curves. legion(predicate) an(prenominal) impertinent heads hurt been perplex to last the stupefy of the miss encircles. A die safekeeping an orchard orchard orchard apple tree tree tree was alike prime on Melos, and this whitethorn imbibe been a set off of the elaborate if so, Aphrodite was represent as the goddess of the apple island. whatever invite sight that the goddess carried a entertain, and others ave fabricated her property the tralatitious apple. in that respect gather in withal been many discussions as to the period of the work. straight off if the statue had been make in the ordinal degree Celsius B. C. , the goddess would construct been to the full draped if in the fourth degree centigrade, tout ensemble without shroud. Our sculptor then belonged to uncomplete of these periods, and feature the characteristics of twai n.It is a prisonbreak on his part to deplete laid the winding-sheet in an unaccepted position, consequently in actual animation it would today fall of its own weight. The beauteous body go supra the drapery reminds us of the myth of Aphrodite appear from the ocean foam. Aphrodite was frankincense born(p) and arose on a deep shell, which was then carried to land,). Her beauty is a coalescency of force out and sweetness, a thoroughgoing(a) embodiment of a personality at congruity with itself and its surroundings. Venus de milo (Aphrodite of Melos), historied marble statue of Aphrodite set in motion on the Grecian island of Melos in 1820 and overcompensate away in the louver Museum in Paris. Although it is of a highfalutin dah that recalls the authoritative Period, the Venus de Milo is from the posthumous Hellenistic Age. Beside it stood a herma (stone pillar) on which the arm of the goddess rested.On the pedestal of the herma was incised the hint of an a rtist, Alexandros, or Agesandros, from Antioch on the Meander, and by this sense of touch the work back end be go out from one hundred fifty bc to ampere-second bc. A break keeping an apple was also instal on Melos, and this whitethorn confirm been a part of the experience if so, Aphrodite was correspond as the goddess of the apple island (Greek melos, apple). The pilot burner on which the artist found his work was in all likelihood an Aphrodite of the fourth century bc, which showed the goddess retentivity the shield of Ares with both hands. In the Melos statue, however, Aphrodite whitethorn have held her robe in her (now lost) right hand.

How Classroom Environments Affect Child Development Essay

When it comes to fostering so umteen dis equal factors muckle take up a frys culture and increase in a mannikinroom. initial of all(a) the temperature of the master(prenominal) year of which the tike is sk calamity in so such(prenominal) as the passion/ port conditioning, if the dr disadvantageouslyroom is excessively yearning, eg. On a hot misbegotten solar day a minor whitethorn timber drab/ light this result concern the grim frys concentration and fountainhead be similar to a super breeze knowing give instructionroom where it whitethorn be highly acold the boor whitethorn define ill because of it. different crucial relegate of a kids commandment is having the correctly equipment to modify them to contemplate so ensuring the equipment the pip-squeak uses is not outdated, baffled or rise-be withdrawd is indispensable to chip in the nipper the stovepipe discipline pass on got come-at-able, as electric razorren with exqui site facilities ar promising to do it teach to a greater extent and sense school easier because they wee-wee the gate they deal to unwrap them the index to regard. infinite is actually serious in particular with infantren, so the sizing of the classroom rotter cushion a pip-squeaks education down, small fasten classrooms, which could be overcrowded due(p) to a macro tote up of pupils could defend it gravely for pupils to bear or in nearly uttermost(prenominal) cases dangerous. So having a classroom a good/ fairish sizing in similitude to the tot of students attendance is essential. Although this ordinarily depends greatly on the position of the school as students from a city be to a greater extent liable(predicate) to watch big classes than those of a country setting. suppose much than(prenominal) than Influences that actuate barbarianrens teaching turn upThis leads on to the undermenti aced point, of other students yarn-dye a baby birds eruditeness experience, if a class is soundy of roily pupils a shaver is not overtaking to learn as well as a classroom which is full of students which argon sedate and unbidden to learn. Teachers have a large encroachment on a classroom, their deportment and characteristics laughingstock travel the information of their class. withal tempered, fair, slapstick teachers have a more more official play on learning experience than a moody, unfair, also exigent teacher.If a child is falling asleep, getting ill regularly, is absent in doing or regularly disrupting classes they whitethorn be struggling. This is when you would barbel the teacher and discourse the childs doings and public presentation and the possible reasons stinker the childs demeanour this may mean more unified lessons, more single on one time, permute of position arrangements and so forth precisely this may be monitored, and the teacher may get married this up with a discussio n with the childs advert if necessary.

How would you define quality in healthcare If you had to explain the Essay

How would you define case in health care If you had to explain the brilliance of rubber and whole step reports to someone external of health care, how would you do this - try ExampleAs a endpoint of tonicity health care, the stave lot thwart a ingenuous working environment. such(prenominal) an environment can include approximate administration and management, correctly and standard equipments, and heavy working schedules (Altman, 1996). sentry duty and quality reports encounter that the study contained in them is accurate. It ensures that privacy is retained at completely cost. Security of the information ensures that no illegitimate persons can go about annoy to it. It encourages enhancer since the information result be coif down accordingly, and no alterations go forth be do (Ginzbery, 1991). There is alike easy access to the information.To be equal to explain to the familiar about how safety and quality of reports is important, I would organize forums and workshops with healthcare experts, and allow them to get wind people, and let them appropriate information to their patients and the national. consumption of media such as talk shows, piece of writing articles, or pulmonary tuberculosis of charts with diagrams and explanations can overly be adjuvant (Altman, 1996).With this entire fashion model being put in place, the public will be able to regard the importance of quality services not only to the healthcare sector, but in other sectors, as well. It will legislate to effectiveness, efficiency, good guest care, and professional supply in the treat environment (Ginzbery,

Ace Jeans Speech or Presentation Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Ace Jeans - Speech or Presentation ExampleAce Jeans views is the designer collection of denims, aimed at the sophisticated, feminine, stylish and confident lady, who is not panicky to showcase her intrinsic beauty Ace Jeans, which is a new entrant in the denim pants market, embarks on its USP, which is its composition---certified organic cotton, non-toxic, denim. The production is based in Mexico, which significantly lowers production costs and manufacturing is done though Border Assembly Inc. With LAtelier as the west coast and east coast distributor in the linked States, Ace Jeans is all set to invade the market. The brand will be available in local boutiques in Los Angeles and New York, as well as high-end department stores such as Bloomingdales, Saks Fifth Avenue, and Nordstrom , thus entering the horizon associated with elite wear. Say the brand ingesters, We currently do not have our own brand store, therefore saving a good amount of money and cutting certain overhead charge s that would typically occur running a store.

The Question Of Obesity Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

The Question Of Obesity - Essay ExampleThe answer is of course, nary(prenominal) The road to a healthy mind in a healthy body is just being moderate in the food we consume.When whizz says throw out food, one thinks of juicy, meaty hamburgers, cheeseburgers, deep-fried French fries, ice creams with tons of chocolate in them, cookies and cakes, etc. And this is exactly what McDonalds offers delicious junk food. The history of this widely renowned franchise is long and vast. It has been in public service ever since 1940, and as they claim, theyve managed not just to live history, but to create it. They have throw in a long way from drive-thru restaurants which offered just hamburgers and Coca-Cola and have developed into the largest chain of hamburger food restaurants, serving more than 58 million customers daily. In addition, they tolerate the customers with a chart that shows detailed nutritional information on their menu items, plus ingredient and allergen information. Their ai m is to supply its consumers with quality food to balance occupy lives.Now, the question of living a healthy lifestyle is all about what to consume and what to steer clear of. With regular exercise and having a strong character, one need not lock his cupboard in fear of eating everything sweet, greasy or fattening there is inside. The same thing is with McDonalds. If you feel interchangeable having a hamburger every once in a while, by all means, treat yourself to one. Because there is nothing worse than denying yourself something you crave for. We should feel part with to indulge in a Premium Crispy Chicken Club Sandwich, a Grilled Chipotle Barbecue Snack Wrap, a Double Quarter pestle with Cheese or a Big N Tasty with Cheese. And, we should top it off with Coca-Cola, Minute Maid Orange Juice or Vanilla ternary Thick Shake.

Quantitative analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Quantitative abridgment - Essay ExampleThe measurement is based on a proper sequence, and condemnation intervals are equally distant and uniform (Schelter, Winterhalder et al. 319). The main aim of this kind of digest is to determine both possible existence of a pattern or sequence in a given set of data. The time series analysis itself offers variety of methods, namely the forecasting approach, the univariate approach, which involves limited variables, and former(a) advanced techniques like Gaussian and Box-Jenkins model. Large number of events can be counted as examples of time series analysis that we see in our daily conduct in our routine activities. For example, the constant rise in the inflation rate, the unemployment rate, the rise in salary, local currency depreciation, annual budgets estimation and comparison with the past value and prediction of upcoming budgets all these things are possible through the effective tool known as time series analysis. Time series analys is is a vast entity in itself and contains various some other methods and approaches, which makes it one of the most effective means of quantitative analysis of data. Various types of Time Series analysis Continuous time series As the name applies, the samples and patterns are collected over a continuous and recurrent time frame (Tsay 287). Discrete In contrast to continuous time series, the discrete method attains certain values at fixed and definitive moments. Deterministic vs. Stochastic The data so obtained is settled in nature, that is, the accuracy and predication level is relatively high and accurate. The stochastic method involves relative use of probability and assumption based on the trends. These trends are collected from the past and present values, which enables the prediction of future day trends. Advantages There are a number of advantages attached to this form of analysis the first and foremost is the curtain raising to analyze things based on solid foundations and evidence, which involves study and consideration of samples and patterns from past values and may include the data from present values if a future trend is to be determined. It enables gathering data on a more consistent pattern that is relatively more reliable. Another advantage of this pattern is the co-relational element and dependency between the variables involved. With the element of dependency in the analysis, the results become more reliable and consistent, and in such cases a change in one, or any other alteration, might result in disturbance and variation in the other, so the entire system is under a uniform control and distributively entity is dependent on the presence and behavior of the other entity in the system under analysis. Due to this feature, it has the ability to determine the linear and non-linear functions and relations. Other salient features of time series analysis include constant observation, with no data missing in-between, and the time slots and ob servational chunks are equally spaced. Applications Though time series analysis finds its application in a large number of places and circumstances, the most notable of them is the process of forecasting. Forecasting is an essential tool of managerial world and in other processes where predictions are needed and made about a certain future value. Time series analysis is the best tool for it. The process is naturally designed in such a way that completely fulfils the requirements of a

Politics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Politics - Essay ExampleInternational trade is a common policy of an open economy. This might advance in goods and services trade or in shipping of capital to and from the demesne. International trade is one of the highly talked about macroeconomic policies of the governments in the world. most all the capitalist countries open their goods and services to trade in interrupticular with the creation of the international agencies such as World Trade Organization and the World Bank. spread the country to the rest of the world also means having an ally in the form of aids in case of calamities or wars. Trade talks dope be bilateral or multilateral.At the present, the vast of its international relation of Africa is through foreign aid. The continent has opened its door to foreign aids especially after its independence from Europe. Overseas development aid has played a much greater role in Africa than in any other part of the world (Mkandawire).This paper wishes to trace if the exist ence of a trade deficit (having higher imports than exports) influenced the conduct of macroeconomic policies in African countries such as Tanzania. If so, in what ways has the deficit influenced macroeconomic policies?In the broadest sense, macroeconomic policy is directly concerned with the aims of growth, distribution and sustainability that have been recognised as overriding national objectives (National instruction Strategy). It is a tool for changing the economic positions of countries in the wordl economy (Wuyts).International trade is one of the most important macroeconomic decision of a country as it affects its exchange rate, the interest rate and other aspects of the economy. TheAfrican economies was tagged as uncommonly open because of a high ratio of trade relative to the common Domestic Product (Wuyts). In the year 2000, this number reached to more than 60% of the GDP in Sub-Saharan Africa. An important study then is to

Forces Driving the Globalisation Process Research Paper

Forces Driving the Globalisation Process - Research Paper ExampleToday, organizations can only ignore the rest of the knowledge domain at their own peril due to the heightened competition both within and beyond their countries of origin. Operational and competitive strategies of businesses have to positionor the globalization aspect more than than ever before. Globalization, therefore, requires firms to keep abreast what their competitors are doing, where they are located and which economic, socio-political and technological developments are happening in these locations. Multinational businesses have been facing challenges in their aim to venture into various markets worldwide which are slowing down their prospects and the general speed of globalization. This paper will look into the forces driving globalization and explain several(prenominal) of the challenges that globalization presents to multinational businesses. Forces Driving the Globalisation Process Manufacturers and ser vice providers have revolutionized the global market environment in the last 3 decades. This has been facilitated by the fact that organizations have increasingly formed joint ventures and strategic alliances and established foreign subsidiaries. These actions create the concept of process in globalization since a bigger motion picture is created which facilitates the movement of products and services to markets all over the world. It is therefore important to identify the various forces that drive globalization. Capital markets liberalization For globalization to spread there is fate to have the free flow of investment beyond the confines of one country or region. Digitization of capital offered this opportunity although many countries that adopted it approach numerous start-up challenges. Many Asian countries are among the affected especially in the late 1990s. A serious financial and market crisis ensued in Russia and Argentina in the early 2000s and at this point, the IMF was blamed for having faulty policies (Tallman 2010). Those against liberalization argued that speculators were to take advantage of and affect cross country movements. In this respect, certain taxes were proposed for example the Chilean and Tobin taxes picture the extent of speculation (Tallman 2010). As much as it is true that liberalization had its shortcomings and that some nations felt it harder than others, its improvements far outweigh its initial setbacks. One such benefit is the easy access to funds for SMEs and entrepreneurs. It is also true that in many countries banks and financial structures are largely government controlled. However, these governments have been relaxing their muscles due to hale from inter-country competition in attracting foreign investment. As a result,capital markets have been progressively liberalized so as to attract investment and interlink financial markets. The risk of exposure though of these practices is currency fluctuations e.g. the dollar as the case is today with the looming crisis in the Middle East and North Africa particularly Libya which is a major oil exporter.

Leadership Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 4

Leadership - Essay ExampleThere are in any case positive indications that organizations that are rated highly on diversity are similarly rated high on other measures of organizational success. (Winston, 2001).Once the diversity and its related issues are identified and acknowledged, the organization can move on to develop systems to aline and turn diversity into its competitive advantage. One such system, that is perhaps the most crucial star for the entire process to work, is of leadership. There are however, two heap links between leadership and diversity that must be given collectable consideration. The first arises (as well see in the following paragraphs), due to the fact that it is exceedingly relevant that leaders and managers acknowledge diversity of the workforce and also, and that they are trained in their approach to direct a diverse people. The second link is due the growing need to encourage more leaders from among those who come with a diverse background.The firs t issue is pertinent as many of the leadership theories use up that the leaders social skills, intelligence, attitudes, and traits like decisiveness and self-confidence, play a crucial role in his ability to motivate and lead. (Stogdill,1974). Other theories, like the contingency theories, also put forward the ability of the leaders to adjust to the situation and to adapt a flexible approach an approach that is perhaps the most required one for leading a diverse workforce.This is especially true in the light that people working in concert in teams, are required to share levelheaded working relationships, and to complement each others skills. The link between diversity and leadership can be identified by the fact that a leaders task becomes important in a diversity environment, as he is required to keep heterogeneous teams motivated to work together and to stimulate synergistic outputs.Secondly, a point to note here is that there is a need to encourage leaders from diverse

Reflective Memo Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Reflective Memo - Essay ExampleWhen the Sprint website did not load, a decision was taken to replace it with AT&T. For the final woof, I based the outcome on three separate criteria $50 or less per month, stripped of one year plan, and any additional features. The Appendix showed all the choices in a chart so that the Executive Director could easily differentiate among the three choices. After the table, some pictures of the three companys cell phones were included so that the Executive Director could get a visual on what the phones looked ilk. This was meant to help reinforce his decision.The peer review helped me to tighten the report and cut out any unnecessary words. The whole point of a report like this is to keep it short and concise because management does not have time to weed through all the garbage. I feel confident that the best choice was made based on the data at hand, and I know that the Executive Director will be pleased with the

Q and answers Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Q and answers - Essay ExampleThese distinctive enzymes function in different ways.Answer Insulin does not play a role in the uptake of glucose in the liver but it has other effects. It increases the synthesis of fatty acids, glycogen and protein synthesis. On the other hand it decreases gycogenolysis and the formation of ketone bodies by the liver.Answer The digestion of lipids starts in the mouth where it is acted upon by lingual lipase. In the stomach the action of gastric lipase begins. These two lipases are not great contributors in the digestion of lipids and they act mainly on short to medium chain fatty acids which include the milk fats. Small intestine is the main site where lipid digestion takes place. This occurs with the help of pancreatic lipase, phospholipase A2 and cholesterol esterase. The freshness salts also play a role in digestion by emulsification which is the breakdown of large fat droplets in to small ones so that the enzymes have a larger surface area to carr y out their function.Answer Transport of glucose in the small intestine is associated with sodium ions. The sodium ions and glucose share the same canaliseer and the transport of glucose occurs by cotransport with sodium and is referred to as secondary active transport. The concentration of the sodium in the intestinal cells is low. This causes the movement of sodium in the cells and hence the movement of glucose as it is transported with the sodium ions. The glucose is then moved across the interstitium into the capillaries whereas the sodium ions move into intercellular spaces. The provision of energy for this process is indirect by the active transport of sodium out of the cell. This is the reason why this transport of glucose is referred to as secondary active

The Lungs Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

The Lungs - Research Paper ExampleThe lungs are composed of a substance which is light, porous, have a spongy texture and are highly elastic. The surface has many polyhedral areas. The lungs are heavier in a male than in a female the left field lung is smaller than the compensate one in order to accommodate the heart. The lungs can be examined in terms of an apex, a base, three borders (anterior and inferior) and two surfaces (Costal and mediastinal). Each lung is conelike in shape and is divided into lobes by interlobular fissures. The left lung is divided into the left superior or upper lobe and the left inferior or glare lobe. The right lung is divided into the right superior lobe, the right middle lobe and the right inferior lobe. Each lobe is further divided into pyramidal bronchopulmonary segments ten in the right and eight in the left one. The root of each lung or the hilum connects the lung to the heart and the trachea. According to Gray (1918), the bronchus, the pulmonary artery, the pulmonary veins, the bronchial arteries and veins, the pulmonary plexuses of restiveness, lymphatic vessels, bronchial lymph glands, and areolar tissue enter and leave the lungs through the root. The trachea, or windpipe, reaches the thorax and is divided into the right and left bronchi. In the lungs the bronchi divide into giving ventral and small dorsal branches. The bronchi are divided into smaller bronchi and bronchioles. Each bronchiole further splits into two or more respiratory bronchioles connected to alveolar ducts which, in turn, are connected to a cluster of small alveoli or air sacs. The pulmonary artery, the pulmonary veins, and the pulmonary capillaries supply deoxygenated affinity to the lungs and re run short oxygenated blood. The bronchial arteries and the bronchial vein supply oxygenated blood for the nutrition of the lung itself. All these arteries and veins enter and leave the lung through the hilum, as do the lymphatic vessels of the lungs. Pulmo nary nodes, bronchopulmonary nodes and tracheobroncheal nodes are present. The lungs are supplied with nerves from the anterior and posterior pulmonary plexuses which have small ganglia on them. (Gray, 1918). The function of the lungs is to provide a continuous gas exchange between the inhaled air and the blood in pulmonary circulation. Oxygen is supplied and carbon dioxide is eliminated by exhalation. The exchange of gases takes place through simple distribution oxygen diffuses from the alveoli into the blood and CO2 diffuses from the blood into the alveoli. This diffusion requires a concentration, or pressure, gradient. The concentration of oxygen in the alveoli is kept higher than in the blood and the concentration of CO2 in the alveoli is kept lower than in the blood by the breathing of fresh air into the lungs. This breathing mechanism is generated by the respiratory muscles the exterior intercostals located between the ribs, and the diaphragm which is a cerement separating t he thorax from the abdomen. During inspiration the intercostals and the diaphragm contract, the dimension of the thoracic cavity increases, air pressure in the lungs decreases and becomes slightly negative as compared to atmospheric pressure. This causes the air to move from the atmosphere into the lungs. During exhalation the muscles relax, lung volume decreases, pressure in the lungs increases and air is exhaled. The surface tension on the walls of the alveoli caused by water molecules is reduced by the pulmonary bed wetter produced by the lungs. The exchange

Ensuring Employees Pay for Extra Cost of Healthcare Essay

Ensuring Employees Pay for Extra Cost of Health cautiousness - Essay ExampleEmployers should devise an frugal program that would ensure employees compensate the extra damage over premiums spent on lifestyle-related diseases. The following is a proposed framework that employers would use to ensure employees pay for extra costs above the coverage premium spent on lifestyle-related conformations.First, employers should schedule all chronic conditions that are lifestyle-related and contribute to the increase in the cost of the premium. A possible list should include conditions such as diabetes, some forms of cancers, heart disease, and obesity-related illnesses. In order to ensure a robust program, accredited health care professionals should approve the scheduled list of complications and ascertain they are lifestyle-related.The second process in the framework should involve calculations of direct and indirect costs incurred from health-related illnesses. The direct cost calculation is simple and can be estimated based on extra expenditure the company has on inpatient and outpatient services. They include extra expenditure on services including surgeries, radiological processes, laboratory tests, and drug therapies. Indirect costs include an estimation of resources forgone by the firm or company because of a lifestyle-related health condition that affects an employee. The grade of lost work because of absenteeism should be calculated based on accumulated wages throughout the period. Other forms of indirect cost include the value of increased insurance incurred by the company because of lifestyle-related conditions.

Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 13

Essay ExampleNames argon vital theatrical performance of ones self and therefore, it can be correctly assumed that passel would like to have names which can be a accelerator to their personal and professional achiever.Korwitts target market is primarily the segment that strongly believes in nameology. People, who are going through tough times and ceaselessly face obstacles in their personal and professional lives, are also hugely motivated to change their names for a brighter future. Thus, Korwitts business is focused towards the people who are superstitious and have strong inclination to embrace non traditional concepts to improve their current situation and resolve dilemma that may be detracting them from success in life.Although Korwitts business is unique in its perspective, she nevertheless faces challenges from the people who are into astrology. Some of the products, especially from far-east countries like India and China, which are believed to bring good tidings, are beco ming increasingly popular amongst the western population and therefore, they can also be considered as threat to Korwitts

Mooting PowerPoint Presentation Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Mooting - PowerPoint Presentation ExampleOn both accounts the client, Tony Shameless, was non in the house. This would go out an opportunity to ask In your testimony you admit that your crevice officers only found Mrs. Shameless in the house after a domestic incident call. Is that correct? Moreover, the first witness testimony admits that Mrs. Shameless did not link her husband with the injuries prolong on both accounts actually, she said that she had fallen from the stairs. The defense counsel would then ask In your testimony, Mrs. Shameless reported that she sustained her injuries from a fall. Is that correct?3. The prosecution does not have a witness statement from Mrs. Shameless, the assaulted person in this case nor a medical report from the hospital. This would provide an opportunity to ask After the alleged assault, what was the doctors verdict? What was Mrs. Shameless version of events? In an attempted murder case, the prosecution should record a statement from the assaul ted. A medical doctor should also provide an independent report on the cause of injuries sustained (Keane, 2008, p.

Female Genital Mutilation in Africa Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Female Genital Mutilation in Africa - Article ExampleBy definition a rite of passage is a ritual associated with a crisis or a change of status (as marriage, illness, or death) for an individual (Agnes, 1990, p. 1018). Although the excisions do not occur because of a crisis, they do, in fact, occur in preparation of a change of status, as in marriage, and the woman or young girl often takes on new roles after the operation is performed. Those operations that be performed on infants cannot by definition be considered a rite of passage since the change in status is not in the near future. Thus, FGM can be considered a rite of passage when it is performed in preparation for the new roles the girl will assume in her future marriage. Indeed, the ritualistic components of FGM are evidenced by the preparations that are made for the operation. Girls are often given new jewellery, clothing, and gifts as part of the operation. In some cases, a great feast will occur in celebration of the oper ation. From the definition, it can be concluded that FGM qualifies as a ritual.Another reason often cited for FGM is that it is a impressiveness rite. Saadwai (2002) comwork forcets that if FGM were intended to be a fertility rite, the excision would be partial and symbolic However, in the Sudan, after the girls are circumcised, they are then washed in the Nile as a fertility offering to the god of the Nile. There certainly are many aspects of FGM that make the connection with fertility rites a plausible one (Lowenstein, 1978 Salama, 1980 Saadawi, 2002).Sociologists and anthropologists have tended towards concurrence with the perception of FGM as a traditional ritual and rite of passage. Campbell (2006), most noted for his work on male circumcision, maintains that FGM is a direct offshoot of male circumcision rites among the ancient totemistic search groups. In these societies, there is an abundance of large game which led to the development of the art of hunting. Emphasis in the social structure was placed on the men as they were the providers. Wile the rite of circumcision in these societies reflected a bias in favour of the males and therewith an emphasis on the sexual aspect of the rites and particularly on circumcision, female circumcision evolved in complementarily to the male fertility dimension of this practice. (Campell, 2006, 320). Some sociologists have argued an alternative theory, suggesting that FGM is an outcome of the desire of some primitive societies to control female sex activity and, thereby, ensure the paternity of children (Morris, 2003). This argument is inextricably linked to the mothers premarital chastity and fidelity during marriage, not the fathers per se. This line of thinking can be taken to its uniform conclusion perform a physical operation to keep the woman from having sexual relations outside of marriage. This will be viewed as necessary for societies that devour the constraint of female sexuality as the necessary conditi on for continued propagation of the human race (Sanderson, 2001 Morris,

Narrative Feeling Essay Example for Free

Narrative Feeling Essay1. Identify three quotes from the dialogue that show how Bryce progressed in ethically identifying his emotions. The first quote from the dialogue shows how Bryce progressed in ethically identifying his emotions is After a year of applying, interviewing, jumping through all the hoops, I finally realized zip I did mattered. I just couldnt take another rejection. The bottom parameter is, no oneness wants me. The second quote that shows how Bryce progressed in ethically identifying his emotions is I dont know. I think they might leave me. Weve run through our savings. Were behind on the mortgage. Im going to stick out everything. I feel bad, but I standt do anything about it. The third quote that shows how Bryce progressed in ethically identifying his emotions is Really? What did you do? I mean, I know you moved away.See more how to start a narrative essay2. Identify and explain, using concepts from the text, at least one interpreter of an obstacle to c ommunicating emotions in the internet site.One example of an obstacle to communicating emotions in the situation is self-protection. Bryce stated that he hasnt want to talk to anyone in a while which can be an indication that he may not want to express his feelings, in fear of others having information that could affect how they dig or act towards him. (Wood, 178) 3. Identify and explain at least two examples of irrational beliefs that Bryce holds. Two examples of irrational beliefs that Bryce holds from the dialogue would be when he states The bottom line is, no one wants me. And I feel bad, but I cant do anything about it. I feel that these beliefs are irrational beca spend they are not true, though Bryce believes they are. He feels that no one wants him, but the case may be that someone else may have been a better give way for the position instead of him.This does not mean that he was not just as qualified as the next applicant. Bryce stated that he stopped spirit for mull overs about 6 months ago, but if he would have remained dedicated, he may have run into a job by then. He stated that he cant do anything about this but truthfully, he could have still continued to search for jobs instead of sitting back and doing nothing. 4. Explain, using concepts from the text, how Bryce could use surface acting and deep acting to better align his emotions and behavior with the needs of his job search. Even though Bryce feels that finding employment is hopeless, his body terminology and facialexpressions will definitely show that.Bryce needs to learn how to effectively control his outward appearance because it will benefit his job search. A arbitrary attitude always helps gain desired results. Showing an outward appearance of drive and determination to gain employment will be more just than his defeated attitude. Bryce could also align his emotions and behavior with the needs of his job search by controlling his feelings of hopelessness and defeat. He should l earn that by possessing these feelings, he is already lessening his chances to produce the desired results that he is looking for. 5. Based on the textbooks guidelines for communicating emotions effectively (p.182 187), identify and explain at least three ethical strategies Bryce could use to improve his interpersonal communication in this situation.One strategy that Bryce could use to improve his interpersonal communication in this situation is identifying his emotions. The text states that recognizing the existence of both feelings allows you to tune in to yourself and to communicate accurately to others what you are experiencing. (Wood, 182) Bryce needs to separate his feelings of hopelessness and the fact that he feels that no one wants him. Another strategy that he can use is choosing whether or how to express emotions.Bryce seems to be very erratic when it comes to his feelings toward finding a job. Once he can actually determine where his frustration lies and not let it consu me and discourage him, he can then decide to or not to communicate his emotions in order to keep them private. Lastly, he can also use the strategy of monitoring self-talk. This would be very helpful to Bryce because he can talk himself into having a more positive outlook regarding his job search, He wont feel so low when he is turned down for a job opportunity because he will have coached himself to keep searching and continue his drive.Wood, J. (2012). Interpersonal communication Everyday encounters. Boston, MA Wadsworth.

Critical Response to The Crucible by Arthur Miller Essay Example for Free

Critical Response to The Crucible by Arthur Miller EssayFrom its ominous opening, to its dad ending, The Crucible by Arthur Miller is a play driven by veneration and zest, mirroring the McCarthy trials of the Communist hating 1950s. Though its set in 1692, the tone of the play and the themes of intolerance, hysteria, and ruined reputation were very prominently matte up during 1953, when the play was published. The title, and the actual item of a crucible, suggests something seemingly solid melting outside(a) under immense stress. The hard structure of society in squared-toe America and the spotless reputations of many good folk melt away to nothing in the fire of fear and trials caused by accusations of witchcraft. Miller uses the imagery of the crucible in the play also, in a quote from Mr. Danforth, We burn a hot fire here, it melts down all concealment, though what ends up being revealed is the fear and intolerance that control their society.The protagonist, John Procto r, has before the opening if the play had and ended an affair with the Antagonist, Abigail Williams. In this telling of the beginning of the witch trials, it is Abigails desire for r dismantlege that leads the girls into the wood to perform a magic spell against Johns wife Elizabeth. It is dialogue between Abigail and John, and later dialogue of the confession of some of the girls, which reveals the affair between them and Abigails deep desire to have John back at any cost. John is attempting to right his wrong in the affair between himself and Abigail, but spurning her only causes more tension. When Abigail cannot easily win john back, and faces punishment for her actions in the woods, she turns the towns fear of witchcraft and the girls hysteria into her own device for revenge, at any cost. The playwright reveals the depth of his characters Abigails ruthlessness, Johns remorse, and Elizabeths faith, through dialogue. Parentheticals inside the text reveal tone and motivation behi nd simple words said, from emotion words such as enraged to the simple act of a character folding their hands or sitting. Miller has worked in these small gestures and nuances in his lines, giving each character a subtext.The characters change as the bandage progresses, Abigail goes from dismissing the girls hysteria to using it for her own ends to nearly buying into it herself, beating and hurting herself convinced that what she is doing will win John back and save them both. We see Abigails maniacal conviction in her own motivations in the scene between her and John alone in the forest.Abigail is convinced John still wants her and will do anything, even accuse him of witchcraft in the end, to have John for herself and no one else. The conflict between Abigail and John mirrors the larger conflict of the play between the veritable truth and the truth society in its fear wants to believe. Abigail greed and covetousness is that of their society, and Johns struggle to do the right th ing is the plight of the honest man within that society, caught by the tide of accusation.Each new action within the play such as the initial accusation, the meetings of Abigail and John, and the confession of Mary Warren drive the characters in different ways, and their reactions to those actions create a domino effect that further drives the plot and action of the play. THE CRUCIBLE does not have a happy conclusion, Abigail run away from the horror she has caused and John, along with many other honest people, dies at the hands of the supposed saviors of their society. But a play such as this, and the lesson it teaches, does not expect a happy ending. In his play, Arthur Miller has held up a dark mirror to the society of that time and his own, showing how fear and intolerance can vote out innocent people, and people who tout right and just motivations can be the real vehicles of destruction that they seek to stamp out.SourceMiller, Arthur. THE CRUCIBLE. Dramatist Play Service, 1 982.

Flood Measuring System Essay Example for Free

Flood Measuring System Essay

Do You Call That Art? a Conversation

Do You C exclusively That Art? a ConversationT Do you c entirely that contrivance? I just dont watch out how something handle could be called trick, I just dont see it. W present is the form, where is the beauty? Is that not what art is for to hint at ordinary fair plays, to uncover answers to fundamental questions ab turn out our hu soldiery condition? To stupefy us examine a kind of immortal truth, Beauty is truth, truth beauty that is all/Ye cope on earth, and all ye need to know. (Keats, 1908 14) Is that not what Keats tell? To be h iodinst I fail to see how an unmade bed surrounded by the detritus of a sizeable night out dope be classed as either. It is just sensationalism, pure sensationalism and should not be allowed into an art gallery.S I suppose it has some merits doesnt it?T No, no(prenominal) at all as far as I am concerned. What does it say? What does it think up? Where is the skill in its construction? Why, anyone could make that, case, it is except mad e out of forein truth day items, theres no tormentt, no clay, no stone, none of the traditional tools of the mechanic. My six year old child could father made that, in incident he does e very(prenominal) morning after a rest slight night. S I read some interesting reviews on it.T What do reviewers know? Listen to this La Giaconda is, in the truest sense, Leonardos masterpiece, the revealing instance of his mode of horizon and work. In suggestiveness, only the Melancholia of Durer is comparable to it and no crude symbolism disturbs the effect of its dim and graceful mystery (Pater, 1948 264) That is both a reviewer and artist coming together in a perfect symbiosis of nice appreciation, Walter Pater was a man of dandy intellect and understood the genius of Da Vinci in an intimate steering. What is spoken of here lifts the perpetuallyyday into the world of esthetics and art, it transforms the daily life, it consoles and palliates, it makes the hardships reckon worthwhile a nd the little pains of life worth bearing. S Yes, I see that, how invariably does that not apply to artists same Tracey Emin and Damian Hurst too?T Do you regain palliated by this unmade bed? Do you olfactory perception as though your pain is soothed by a bisected sheep? These images serve only to make us feel worse, to highlight our pain, to capitalise on our misfortunes. These argon the things that modern art work on, these be the emotions that they stir up depression, sadness and alienation. Is that art? Is that worth b some othering most, buying or funding? S I dont know, perhaps if we were to look at them to a greater extent carefully. Isnt art just a matter of taste anyway?T Ah only when taste is a complex thing and has been hotly debated in art history and philosophy. In some ways it goes even out to the heart of our experience of art and literature as a whole. Two of the approximately interesting and near important theories concerning taste come, of course, from th e English intellect David Hume and Immanuel Kant, both of these philosophers, in their own way, assert the existence and importance of the impression of taste and aesthetic judgment. Hume saw that education and experience would enable men (and women) to acquire taste the more art we see, the more books we read, the more films we see and the more music we listen to the more we learn about what is good and what is bad in art. For instance, if I had only seen one present in my entire life, say of a cottage in a mountain glade surrounded by pink and blue flowers, then it goes without reflection that this must be the best moving picture I know and, ipso facto that I must be of the opinion that this is the best painting in the world. The same, I suppose, goes for a situation where the only sculpture I had seen was this unmade bed, then I would naturally think it was masterpiece and hail it as the finest work of art ever made. Well, according toDavid Hume, the more I see the more educ ated I begin, the more my taste develops. at that placefore if I were to view, say, Eugene Delacroixs Massacre at Chios, that depicts a persuasion from the Greco-Turkish war of 1824 and is painted with both problematicty and strength, I would automatically think this was better than an unmade bed. If I then chanced to view a Renoir or a Rossetti then I might think that these were better. You see how this works? You see how, through education and experience my taste broadens and becomes more refined. S however I still do not see who defines what is good and what is bad for the rest of us? savoring is relative isnt it? T To an extent, says Hume, but taste as a patiomark and as a standard is set by those who are educated just about. It stands to reason, does it not, that those who are educated and experienced most will know the most about a particular given subject. When your car needs a service what sort of mechanic do you choose? S A good one? T Yes, a good one, but what is a good mechanic? Is it a good mechanic someone who has had no or very little experience with cars, is it someone who has only ever seen or worked on one car the whole of their lives? No, you would choose the mechanic with the most experience, the mechanic who has worked on hundreds, perhaps thousands of cars. S Yes, I suppose I would.T So, could we not say that that mechanic is an expert, at least over the other mechanic who has seen very few cars?S Yes.T Well, it would that mechanic who sets the standard. What if he told you your engine needed replacing?S I would intrust him.T Exactly, and if the inexperience mechanic told you it didnt, who would you intrust? Who would you think was telling you the right thing?S Probably the experienced mechanic, he after all is more educated and more experienced so he must know what he is talking about.T So why is it so different with taste? Why is it so difficult to believe that those with most experience set the taste for the rest of us? Taste is intersubjective, it is founded on agreement and consensus. This was Humes great notion. It does not exist as an objective notion nor purly subjective but somewhere in between. Joshua Reynolds encapsulates it well when he says The arts would lie open for ever to caprice and casualty, if those who are to judge of their excellencies had no settled principles by which they are to regulate their decisions, and the merit or defect of performances were to be determined by unguided fancy (Reynolds, 1992 182). Although, of course, Reynolds himself saw taste as be intrinsically fixed and established in the nature of things.S So, what about Kant? How did he see taste and aesthetic judgement? T For Kant, taste came substitute to the notion of beauty. There was, he thought such a notion as intrinsic beauty a beauty that existed outside of taste, outside of the flightiness of fashion, a beauty that is, to quote Keats again A Joy forever. Kants philosophy extended far and wide, his works homogeneous The literary criticism of Pure Reason and The Critique of Practical Reason sought to classify and quantify just now what it was to be human, not just in an ontological sense but in the sense of how we experience the world how we perceive things and, most importantly, how we reason about these things. In fact Bertrand Russell says in his A History of Western Philosophy that According to Kant, the outermost world causes only the matter of sensation, but our mental apparatus orders this matter in space and time, and supplies concepts by means of which we understand experience. (Russell, 1979 680) In order to experience the world, thought Kant, we label many of the things we sense, often in ways that are unconscious or arbitrary. Take this bench, for instance, we both know this is a bench and that it is for sit down on but we only know this because it has certain characteristics as distinct from, say, that fire extinguisher over there. It is made of wood, it is flat, it has four legs etc. etc. The bench is out in the world (Cummiskey, 1996 78) and thus our experience of it informs our idea of what it is. For Kant there was no such thing as an a priori knowledge nothing, he state could be divorced from our experience of it. S But how, then, if we know this is a bench through our perception of it out in the world undersurface we ever know beauty. Beauty, after all is not out in the world, it is surely a priori? We must involve an idea of beauty before something shadower be classed as graceful. I understand that, for Hume this is based on consensus, but this does not fit in with Kants ideas. T For Kant, beauty does exist in the world but not, perhaps in the way that we might assume. He noticed that we classify and label things according to the purpose they draw for us as human beings. We have a notion of the bench because it is good for us to sit down on and take a rest every now and then. Beauty on the other hand can not be eaten or smelt or eve n touched, however it is in every burnish every nuance known to man so, in some ways at least, it must be intrinsic to our needs. Beauty and art have a purposeless purpose. S How can a purpose be purposeless?T Let me explain when I see a picture by Monet for instance, it inspires feelings in me of mirror image and of emotion. I am touched by the delicate brushwork, I am moved by the images. If I see a beautiful flower I feel the same thing. I do not find the flower beautiful because I want to eat it or because it gives me an actual benefit in the real world but because it promotes a kind of internal pleasure, a psychological harmony. This is what Kant thought of the beautiful. If we begin to attach meaning to art by intentionally making it ugly or adapting it for our own psychological or socio-political ends we ruin its initial purity and lose a valuable part of its nature. Kant said Taste is the faculty of estimating an object or mode of representation by means of a delight or aversion apart from any interest. The object of such a delight is called beautiful(Kant, 1972 479). This is why Kant regarded Nature as representing a higher plain than man made art, simply because it does not have the other aspects, the poetic, maudlin meaning. This unmade bed is neither of these situations, it is neither a depiction of the rarefy in Nature not does it evoke a universal response. It simply is, like the unmade bed that it mirrors, because of this is can not be art. However, if we take a picture from the Romantic endeavour of Nineteenth century, for example, such as Turners The Fighting Temeraire (1838) or Landscape with a Distant River and Bay (1840) we can see that what the artist is striving for is a universal achievement of beauty a beauty that is invested in the very paint he uses, a beauty that arises from the purity of the image the colours, the brushwork, the setting. S So, for Kant, the artist is the translator of that sense of beauty?T Yes, for Kant, on ly the artist or the man of genius can truly be said to be a translator of these universal truths. His theories gave way to the march of the Romantic movement in Europe and artists like Turner, William Etty and Landseer and writers like Wordsworth, Coleridge and Shelley. Let us think, for example, of the paintingThe Leaping Horse by John Constable (1825). What do we see in this painting? We see the majesty of Nature, not only in terms of the visual images of the sky, the clouds and the trees but in the way that this is translated through the human experience. The figure in the foreground is pictured not merely against Nature but in it, existing within it and being a part of it. There is a heterosexualism of vision here that reflects Kants assertions on the place of the artist within society. The artists role, he said, was to translate the experience of the sublime, of the beauty of Nature, into the synthetic medium of art. This unmade bed, or the bisected sheep of Hurst or even t he daubings of Jackson Pollock do not attempt to do this and so, in my opinion at least, are not art in the slightest. A I beg to differ with you. They turn to see A standing behind them.A What do you see there?S I see an unmade bed, I see rubbish, I see magazines, tissues, cigarette butts. A I see an idea, a concept, a representation of truth. As you said, truth is beauty, right?T No, actually what I said was Beauty is truth and truth beauty there is a world of difference between those two ideas. A Yes perhaps, and I would agree with you, maybe this work is not about beauty in the Kantian sense, it is not about a universal notion of what is beautiful, what is sublime but it has everything to do with what the world means to us and how we interpret our own experiences of life. In his first of all manifesto on Sur world, Breton says The marvellous is not the same in every period of history it partakes in some obscure way of a sort of general revelation only the fragments of which co me down to us they are the romantic ruins, the modern mannequin or any other symbol capable of affecting the human sensibility(Breton, 1990 16). All we have now are shards of aesthetic philosophy that have made their way down to us. S So you are verbalize Kant and Hume were wrong?A No, I am saying they were right in their time. We have been let down by their structures the notions of truth and beauty no longer mean anything to us in this postmodern age.T Postmodern? Does that word even mean anything?A Well, yes, Modernism as a philosophical construct can be seen to stem from the Enlightenment of the mid(prenominal) Eighteenth century.S I thought Modernism happen just after the First World War?A Yes in a way, the artistic and literary movement hails from then but, in terms of philosophy and, of course, esthetics, Modernism can be seen to be founded frequently earlier with thinkers such as Rousseau, Locke, Hobbes, Bishop Berkely and others. Later, of course, this manifested itself i n philosophies of Kant, Hegel and Marx. S So, what do these thinkers tell us about what art is and why this work should be called art? A Well it was not so some(prenominal) what they said about art that is of importance as how they say it. Modernism, as Jean Francois Lyotard says in his study The PostmodernCondition A Report on Knowledge, relied on metanarratives, all encompassing notions like truth, beauty, the body and even the self to provide a foundation for its philosophies. The Enlightenment is considered the birth of the modern because it asserted the primacy of the respective(prenominal) consciousness and the reason upon which it was based it signalled a split from the religious dogma and the superstition of the Renaissance and Middle Ages. The art, the music and the literature all reflected the birth of this red-hot idea. Postmodernism is not so much the rejection of this as a melancholic outcome of its demise and failures. I am sure there is not one thinker in the whole postmodern canon who would not find it agreeable to rely on concrete notions like beauty and truth, but what are they? That is what postmodernism asks us, they have failed us. Foucaults poetic evocation at the end of his history of human sciences is as good as any at expression this idea As the archaeology of our thought easily shows, man is an invention of recent date. And one perhaps nearing its end. If those arrangements were to disappear as they appeared, if some event of which we can at the moment do no more than sense the possibility without knowing either what its form will be or what it promises were to cause them to crumble, as the ground of Classical thought did, at the end of the eighteenth century, then one can certainly wager that man would be erased, like a face drawn in the sand at the edge of the sea.(Foucault, 1997 387) The postmodern condition recognises no hierarchy of taste it does not see taste as being universal or being classifiable in any meaningful way. Wi th technological advances like the internet and reprographics what now is beautiful? What can even be considered original? This is the mind that Walter Benjamin makes in his seminal essay The Work of Art in the Age of Mechanical Reproduction. S So, the Modernist artists were the germ of this, after all they experimented with style and means didnt they? As Ezra Pound said, they sought always to Make it new.A Could we not see artistic Modernism as not so much the beginning of something new as the end of something old? Its theoretical foundations are clearly based in a number of thinkers all of which assert the importance of teleological thinking Freud, Marx, Hegel etc. If we examine, for instance Guillaume Apollinaires series of essays and articles on the Cubists, we can see that we characterises both Cubism and Apollinaire is the sense of revolution in both art and in conceptions of beauty. He says Greek art has a purely human conception of beauty. It took man as the measure of pe rfection. The art of the new painters takes the infinite universe as its ideal, and it is to the quaternary dimension alone that we owe this new measure of perfection.(Harrison and Wood, 1997 178) We can see here how, even though the nature of the artists vision has lurchd, his or her place hasnt. The Cubists and, then the Moderns as a whole (especially in terms of its literature) asserted the validity of the artist in exactly the same way as our friend here has pointed out that Kant did.T Which I see as being a testament to the correctness of Kants vision. A It was this that the Moderns desperately strove to cling on to, all of their experimentation, all of their theorising, all of their invention can be seen as merely an attempt to cover up the fact that what was dying, what was losing its validity was them their special place as artists, writers and thinkers. In the postmodern age all things are equally valid as art, all things are equally worthy even an unmade bed. How does a painting like David Bombergs The Mud Bath (1914) or even Picassos Guernica (1937) reflect the ideals of Kant? They are obviously beautiful pictures and yet they have the power to terrify and to inspire awe, they do not palliate or console so much as remind us of our own death and mortality. How do they fit in with your organisation?T You have answered your own question, they are sublime paintings. They remind us of our own place as human beings. I agree with you, times change and so does art but the notion of the artist as a translator of human emotion is an important one. Picasso was a visionary, his art was beautiful, it made one think, to cogitate, to realise ones own humanity. OK, not in the same representative way as, say Constable or Rossetti but, then again, neither did Turner, Monet or any of the Impressionists. The subtle play of colour and light, for instance in La Promenade (1875) or even the famous Waterlilies (1905) is nothing but the distillation of experience both in terms of the artists heightened sensibility and training. The same can be said of Picasso or Braque or any of the so called Moderns that you speak of.The form is of no importance, forms and fashions change, what matters is the importance of the artist. There are recent artists who manage to combine both an artistic brilliance with a clear understanding of exactly what art means. Take someone like Lucien Freud, for instance, his paintings do not inspire one in the traditional sense of the word. They do not remind one of beauty in the same way Botticelli does or Poussin, however he asks questions about the human condition whilst displaying an artistic talent, or skill if you will. Freuds pictures are about what is like to be human, about what it is like to have a body that is constantly dying, that is betraying the young person that you still are on the inside. His naked self portraits are concerned with my point exactly with the place of the artist in society. It is their role to exorcise the ghosts.A Art should not be a religious experience.T You are wrong, thats exactly what it should be.A Art is about reflecting whats here and now not what is eternal. The work of Tracey Emin is as valid as Lucien Freud, as valid as Picasso as valid as Turner and as valid as Rembrandt because it is a product of a time that recognises no universal truths, no absolute hierarchies and no metanarratives. T But how, then do you judge? How do you decide what should be in an art gallery and what isnt? Do you simply open the doors and let everyone in? A Yes. T But thats absurd, where would that led us?A What are you afraid of? What have you got to lose?S What is there to lose by the destruction of the discourses of truth and beauty?A Well, this is at the heart of the question of whether this work is a work of art. What is there to lose by saying it isnt? We have seen the failure of realism in describing the truth about the human condition and we have seen the failure of abstractio n in describing the truth about human emotions and mind. The only thing left(a) for us to do is to suggest that it is the truth itself that is non-existent. S So there is no truth left.A There is no universal truth, the same as there is no universal sense of beauty. What is beauty after all? The Japanese have a notion they call Wabisabi, it makes up almost all of their aesthetic appreciation. Roughly translated it means imperfect or incomplete, modest or humble. It is as far from our traditional notions of Western aesthetics as we could get. There is none of the aureateeur of the sublime, none of the intricacies of Vermeer or Zoffany just the simplicity of line and the imperfection of creativity. S You mean Wabisabi actively encourages imperfection?A Yes, it is an intrinsic ingredient of the Japanese aesthetic, but the important point is that aesthetic notions change from country to country from time to time, therefore it is an impossibility for them to be a universal ideal as our friend here seems to think.S But is it art, this unmade bed?A Is it in an art gallery?S Yes.A It must be art then.T So you are saying anything that is in an art gallery is art, how ridiculous. That means anything I bring into this gallery could be called art. My dog? The shoes on my feet? The flask I have in my bag? At least we know where we are with the universal notion of beauty. It may not be perfect, in fact it may far from perfect but it is solid, it is not ever-changing or open to this mumbo jumbo that you are talking of. You speak as though everyone were an artist, as though everyone could lay claim to being aPicasso or a Matisse. A Well, in a way, yes, I am. For postmodernism to work we must hire a number of responsibilities and positions as well as reject old ones. We must be aware of our actions, Of course that means realising that, perhaps, the whole system of aesthetics needs re-evaluating. Media such as the Internet and increased access to cheap means of publishing me ans that it is becoming easier and easier to publish ones work and get it to a wide audience. Many musicians have found this out and have started making their work available for Internet downloads and many artists are using technology to contest the boundaries of the traditional routes into the art world. This has got to be a good thing hasnt it? S So, what you are saying is that because of changes in society, because of this postmodernism thing the old ideas about what is beautiful, what is true, what is art become irrelevant. In their place is a series of individual judgements based on context. If I put a light switch into a gallery as a light switch it is not art, if I put it in as art then it is?A Exactly.S So it has a linguistic base your argument? If I say something is art, it is?T This all sounds like rubbish to me. Art has a function in the real world, to be beautiful or at least to make us realise our own humanity or humanness. If we do not draw boundaries, if we dont make distinctions between art and the rest of the world we cheapen art.A Or we elevate lifeT Take for example Hegels aesthetics theory. For Kant, existence, and along with it art and culture, could only be witnessed in a subjective sense, in other words only bits of the larger picture could be seen by anyone at any one time. It would be impossible to see the whole. Hegel disagreed with this and stated that, if we used reason, we could look at the entire universe at once. S But thats clearly impossible isnt it? How can we look at anything other than through subjectivity?T Think about the philosophy of science, physics, chemistry, do they not claim to be able to look at the entire world at once? There is no suggestion in medicine, for instance that we find a cure for TB in a subjective way. An integral part of the truth of the discovery is that it is reproducible, objective and quantifiable, in other words that it is being viewed in some kind of universal way. Israel Knox has a fine quote about Hegels method Hegel exalted reason to an eminence from which it could have an adequate and cordinated knowledge of the whole of reality of reality as the incessant temporal forward march of the Absolute, of Spirit, of God.(Knox,1958 81). It is reason that is at the basis of scientific discovery so why can not reason be at the heart of Aesthetic theory?A Because reason is an outmoded construct.T Let me finish For Hegel, art is a reflection of Geist, which can be translated as either spirit or mind. In Hegel the two are much the same thing the mind and the spirit could be thought of as the defining entity in man it is the thing that distinguishes him from anything else. His humanness, if you will. Geist is a manifestation of the order of the universe, the phenomenology of Geist is existence and its highest expression is art and philosophy. In this Hegel disagrees with Kant who, as we saw, thought that Nature was the most beautiful of all things. If art is an expression of Geis t and Geist itself is a manifestation of the orderliness or reason of the universe, then it follows that the greatest art must be that which mirrors most succinctly this universal sense. For Hegel, art transcends nature precisely because it is a manifestation of mans spirit. You see, Hegel believed in a system he called dialectics. In the Preface to his Phenomenology of Spirit (1977) (or mind, of course) he outlined his grand scheme of things and one that he was to go on to relate to art in his Introductory Lectures on Aesthetics (1993) of the 1820s. The dialectic is the grand working of history, it describes how progression can be achieved by thesis, antithesis and synthesis rather than relying on the idea of a continual advancement. In art, as in everything, first an antithesis establishes an idea, say the determinate period of art here we have a number of philosophies, ways of seeing and ideas that go up to making what we know about the world.However this is very rarely enough, this is never would we call exhaustive. Our culture, in order to progress, needs an antithesis. The classical period of art then, gave way to a period of love affair whereby artists and writers developed startling new ideas and notions that would transform art into something completely new. This second notion is the antithesis, it describes not a backward movement but a negation that can propel things forward that can ensure a synthesis is formed that unites the two and causes forward momentum. For Hegel, this happens in all walks of life, from ideas and science to art and literature. He takes the great periods of art and shows how they interacted with each, succeeding schools challenging preceding schools and so on until eventually there will be an end to art where we have reached a last(a) stage of enlightenment and there is no longer any need for dialectics. Hegel sees that reflected in his own age, with its use of reason and beauty and its synthesis of ideas and notions.Look at this bed, I see no spirit in this, I see no manifestation of Geist here, I see a manifestation of damp and form but very little else. This is not art because it does not conform to any of the notions I have been talking about, there is nothing here of the majesty of the universe nothing that lifts us above our everyday experience, in fact it is our everyday experience. S I can see how Hegels philosophy makes art seem reasonable and structured, I can see that there is a progression from one idea to another. After all, if you look at a painting of the classical period it looks nothing like a painting of today, does it? Hegel must be right art must be a reflection of some universal spirit that finds its expression in an ever progressing artistic movement. A But, of course, if that is the case where is the end point?S The end point?A Yes, according to Hegel and the other philosophers of Modernism like Marx, the dialectical process inevitably advances, it has to lead to some end poin t. In Marx it was the glories of revolution and a Marxist state, in Hegel it was the enlightened mind. For their philosophies to have any form of truth in them this end point needs to taken into account but, where is this end point? Where has it gone? We have had almost cl years of Marxism and over 200 hundred years of Hegelianism but still there is no sign of reaching the end point that they speak of. drive this, for Hegel the crowning glory of civilization was his own, and therefore our, age. This was the time at which art and literature, music and culture reached its highest point, the point at which Geist was reflected most in societys artifacts.T Yes, that is what I said.A According to that philosophy there can only be progression, there can only be forward motion through dialectics art, literature, culture can only get better. T Yes, surly. A But where is this enlightened society? If anything, society is getting more dangerous, more violent. The canonical image is that of Aus chwitz, how can Auschwitz be a symbol of a society getting more enlightened and reflecting the reason of the universal unity? If anything it is a sign that it is getting less enlightened. What about the Russian Gulags, they challenge both Hegel and Marx and the same time On the one hand they make us question the idealist dialectic of Hegel by suggesting that, far from getting more and more enlightened, society is getting more and more barbaric and, on the other, it questions Marxs dialectical materialism by asking where is this historied revolution that was promised? What we have is not a series of structured progressions based around thesis and antithesis at all but an ad hoc collection of ideas that are organised retrospectively by history.S So what does this mean for art?A Well it means that, not only are the ideas in Hegels aesthetics challenged but also that his very methodology is as well. It was this failure that Adorno and Horkheimer traced in their ground breaking work The Dialectic of Enlightenment (1997). It is not so much that postmodernism negates modernism or reason but that it shows up its failings. In an interesting reworking of Odysseus and the Sirens in their book, Adorno and Horkheimer suggest that there is forever a socio-political aspect to art that precludes it from ever being a universal given. Odysseus plugs the ears of his sailors with wax so that they can not hear the song of the Sirens but he ties himself to the mast, fully able to hear. S What does this mean for art though?A Well, it means, for one thing that the experience of the Sirens song (a clear symbol for art) depends upon who you are in the ship. If you are a sailor you only know the dangers of the song, you are blissfully unaware of its terrible beauty and alluring qualities and if you are Odysseus you are know the beauty and the terror but you have the pain and responsibility of denial. The song remains the same, only the listeners change. S So the value of art,