Empirical Rule for Mean, Median, and Mode

Within sets of data, there are a variety of descriptive statistics. The mean, median and mode all give measures of the center of the data, but they calculate this in different ways: The mean is calculated by adding all of the data values together, then dividing by the total number of values.The median is calculated by listing the data values in ascending order, then finding the middle value in the list.The mode is calculated by counting how many times each value occurs. The value that occurs with the highest frequency is the mode. On the surface, it would appear that there is no connection between these three numbers. However, it turns out that there is an empirical relationship between these measures of center. Theoretical vs. Empirical Before we go on, it is important to understand what we are talking about when we refer to an empirical relationship and contrast this with theoretical studies. Some results in statistics and other fields of knowledge can be derived from some previous statements in a theoretical manner. We begin with what we know, and then use logic, mathematics, and deductive reasoning and see where this leads us. The result is a direct consequence of other known facts. Contrasting with the theoretical is the empirical way of acquiring knowledge. Rather than reasoning from already established principles, we can observe the world around us. From these observations, we can then formulate an explanation of what we have seen. Much of science is done in this manner. Experiments give us empirical data. The goal then becomes to formulate an explanation that fits all of the data. Empirical Relationship In statistics, there is a relationship between the mean, median and mode that is empirically based. Observations of countless data sets have shown that most of the time the difference between the mean and the mode is three times the difference between the mean and the median. This relationship in equation form is: Mean – Mode 3(Mean – Median). Example To see the above relationship with real world data, let’s take a look at the U.S. state populations in 2010. In millions, the populations were: California - 36.4, Texas - 23.5, New York - 19.3, Florida - 18.1, Illinois - 12.8, Pennsylvania - 12.4, Ohio - 11.5, Michigan - 10.1, Georgia - 9.4, North Carolina - 8.9, New Jersey - 8.7, Virginia - 7.6, Massachusetts - 6.4, Washington - 6.4, Indiana - 6.3, Arizona - 6.2, Tennessee - 6.0, Missouri - 5.8, Maryland - 5.6, Wisconsin - 5.6, Minnesota - 5.2, Colorado - 4.8, Alabama - 4.6, South Carolina - 4.3, Louisiana - 4.3, Kentucky - 4.2, Oregon - 3.7, Oklahoma - 3.6, Connecticut - 3.5, Iowa - 3.0, Mississippi - 2.9, Arkansas - 2.8, Kansas - 2.8, Utah - 2.6, Nevada - 2.5, New Mexico - 2.0, West Virginia - 1.8, Nebraska - 1.8, Idaho - 1.5, Maine - 1.3, New Hampshire - 1.3, Hawaii - 1.3, Rhode Island - 1.1, Montana - .9, Delaware - .9, South Dakota - .8, Alaska - .7, North Dakota - .6, Vermont - .6, Wyoming - .5 The mean population is 6.0 million. The median population is 4.25 million. The mode is 1.3 million. Now we will calculate the differences from the above: Mean – Mode 6.0 million – 1.3 million 4.7 million.3(Mean – Median) 3(6.0 million – 4.25 million) 3(1.75 million) 5.25 million. While these two differences numbers do not match exactly, they are relatively close to one another. Application There are a couple of applications for the above formula. Suppose that we do not have a list of data values, but do know any two of the mean, median or mode. The above formula could be used to estimate the third unknown quantity. For instance, if we know that we have a mean of 10, a mode of 4, what is the median of our data set? Since Mean – Mode 3(Mean – Median), we can say that 10 – 4 3(10 – Median). By some algebra, we see that 2 (10 – Median), and so the median of our data is 8. Another application of the above formula is in calculating skewness. Since skewness measures the difference between the mean and the mode, we could instead calculate 3(Mean – Mode). To make this quantity dimensionless, we can divide it by the standard deviation to give an alternate means of calculating the skewness than using moments in statistics. A Word of Caution As seen above, the above is not an exact relationship. Instead, it is a good rule of thumb, similar to that of the range rule, which establishes an approximate connection between the standard deviation and range. The mean, median and mode may not fit exactly into the above empirical relationship, but there’s a good chance that it will be reasonably close.

Human Rights Violations And Corruption - 1619 Words

It is well known that there is widespread conflict, human rights violations and corruption in Africa. The international community has failed to act because they are not enabled with financial resources or the power to force sovereign nations to act in accordance with basic and universal civil rights. As a result, African citizens are suffering from the actions of the nations around the world and then are abandoned to help themselves. In East Africa, widespread drought and famine were preventable but ignored and starvation is wide spread in the region. Sierra Leone continues to fight conflicts after a civil war over the diamond industry, while children are employed by the government as soldiers. In Nigeria, already limited access to fresh†¦show more content†¦It would also educate the people living through the crisis to inform them of what is going on, the actions being taken and places to find relief. The media outlet would have no advertisers or ratings to adhere to, with the singular mission statement of providing comprehensive coverage of global affairs. The station would be broadcast and translated to the official languages of all countries in the United Nations. This news organization would have no political leaning on any topic and the programming would be decided by an editorial staff who is voted in with a 70% majority by the United Nations in a similar fashion to Supreme Court Appointments. 7 The lack of media coverage plays an important role in the conflicts and corruption in Sierra Leone. Both the government and Revolutionary Front are fighting over the diamond resource market at the expense of civilians. Rape, amputation and child soldiers are common place in Sierra Leone and with limited news coverage, there has been little action to help protect civilians in the region. Western, for-profit media resources are wealth motivated and cover stories when they will generate money from ad sales. The crisis in Kosovo was covered more heavily than the crisis in Sierra Leone because of a decision from an editor. Sustained coverage isShow MoreRelatedThe Link Between Corruption And Human Rights Violations And How Sovereign Countries Can Not Combated It? Essay2277 Words   |  10 PagesRamirez Human Rights and Security TNS/POL 300 Professor Dr. Kali Wright-Smith 02 December 2016 What is the Link Between Corruption and Human Rights Violations and How Sovereign Countries Can or Cannot Combated it? The following paper evaluates different sources that explain why is important to define corruption as a human right violation. In the same way, the research makes a deep emphasis of the benefits that the redefining corruption and including it into the International Bill of Rights. 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Accounting Regulations and Research

Questions: 1. Finda newspaper article or web page report of an item of accounting news, i.e. it refers to a current event, consideration, comment or decision that has been published after June 2016? 2. Explain the article that you have found in your own words and clearly relate the concepts, ideas and facts within the article to one or more of the theories or topics that you have studied this session? Answer: Introduction The following discussion is based on the article of how 76 well-known companies in Australia left Australian taxpayers with $ 5.6 billion out of pocket. The various types of concepts of this article has been related to the topics of financial accounting in variety of ethical approaches, legal behavior and the state the rational whether the tax regulation has been developed as per public interest and captured by the big business (ABC News, 2016). The following section of the study has been able to discuss on exposure draft for insurance contracts. The various nuances of the study has been able to include respondents ranging from companies, corporate bodies, accounting bodies and industry. The study has been further provided the description of the issues provided in insurance contracts and state whether there is any agreement among the various groups along with relevant examples. The insurance industry has been seen to be of increasingly exposing of contracts associated to long-term and certain obligations. In the recent time, accounting for the insurance contracts are not seem to provide the users with information which are seen to be meaningfully understood by the insurers financial position, risk exposure and performance as it is necessary to consequently diversify the various types of accounting practices and improve the present IFRS standards. The study is aimed to explain the exposure of insurance contracts, which was pu blished by IASB on 27 November 2013 (Ifrs.org, 2017). 1. Explanation of the article Based on the discourse of the article it has not observed that the multinational giants in Australia have been accounted for paying half of 30% of the corporate tax on an average and the budget has been expected to show some instances of multinational tax dodging (ABC News, 2016). In addition to this, based on the Australian National University ANU polling research there is an increasing matter of interest for inequality in income and wealth in Australia. The main technique for tax avoidance was identified as thin capitalization or debt loading. This is referred to as a situation where a companys level of debt is much higher in compared to the equities. The Australian subsidiaries are affected with large amount of interest bills for the various types of offshore divisions and this is seen as a way of artificially lowering the total taxable amount and profit alienation. In case of profit alienation and Australian divisions are compelled to pay for large intellectual property fees whic h are based on tax havens and places of lower taxes (Aston, 2016). Based on the report multinational pharmaceutical companies are seen with lowest effective tax rate of 5.7% of the local profits. Several multinational pharmaceutical companies such as Pfizer, Procter Gamble and Glaxosmithkline have been scrutinized for tax avoidance on the strong (Butt, 2015).Multinational tax avoidance is acting as a key election battleground with the league post on advertisements group suggesting that the present government will announce a tax avoidance crackdown, which has the potential to save billions. Based on the Panama papers various types of leaks and exposures have been seen with some people to avoid and evade taxes, which have been able to fire up public opinion across the globe. In March 2016, the labor was seen to announce its first taxation policy, which was identified as a package, aimed to limit the profit and shift the claw back $ 2 million for the budget (ABC News, 2016). The Australian tax commissioner Chris Jordan on a special hearing stated about the Senate tax avoidance enquiry for his response on Panama Papers scandal. The UTS report has been further able to identify that multinationals in the tech sector has paid an average of 7.5% of the overall tax rate. Some of these companies have been identified in form of Apple, Google and Microsoft has been seen to be severely criticised for appearing in front of the Senate enquiry The (Sydney Morning Herald, 2015). The senior campaigner named Daney Faddoul further stated that each citizen are paying taxes higher than the linear corporations such as Google, Chevron and Apple. These foreign multinationals are seen to be inflating the losses to shift their own profit and deprive Australia of the crucial investments in the local hospitals and schools (Huffington Post Australia, 2017). Relating the concepts to the theories or topics from the financial accounting The direct association of financial accounting theory has been has been related to tax avoidance. The main technique for tax avoidance was identified as thin capitalization or debt loading. This is referred to as a situation where a companys level of debt is much higher in compared to the equities. In this particular case of companies are seen to maintain a high amount of trade in compared to its equity capital, that is the gearing or the leverages are too high. The tax regulation, has not been able to be captured by the big businesses as the process of following up feeling involve some time. It has been further identified that the big multinationals are taking undue advantage of the tax relaxations based on thin capitalization. The following trend of tax evasion has been seen to be evident in form of various types of pharmaceutical companies, technological giants and various types of other multinationals. Although the tax regulation are seen to be developing terms of public interest and limit the profit and shift the claw back $ 2 million for the budget, there has been several other loopholes which has provided the opportunity for the aforementioned companies to evade tax. Therefore, it cannot be said that the businesses have been able to efficiently capture the development of the public interest theory. 2. Issue stated in the exposure draft Some of the main types of the issue stated in the exposure drafts have been associated with the various types of comment letters. The first comment letter has been associated to the IASB Exposure Draft ED/2013/7 Insurance Contracts. This has been able to be related to considering the constituents associated to unlocking of contractual service margin and re measuring of the fulfillment of cash flow by using present information. The main principle of the exposure draft has been further seen in terms of measurement model for insurance contract liabilities and reasonable approximation is associated to measurement of the same. The various changes proposed and been seen to be to changes in the discount rate during initial recognition of the contract. The second comment letter is based on the comments on the ED of IFRS4 Insurance Contract (Ifrs.org, 2017). The investment component has been seen to be excluded from the various findings of the insurance contract and the single premium is to b e deferred and the subsequent periods. The various types of consent issue has been stated based on increasing difficulty of the explanation of the users to reduce the usability of the statement of comprehensive income. As per this exposure draft the insurance contract will depend on the future claims, absorption of contract service margin, changes in the basic absorption and amortization. The various additions based on the exposure draft have been seen with consideration for the capacity of insurance industry, simplifying the operation and avoiding the challenges for complex requirements. The third exposure draft seem to be related to ED 2013/7: Insurance. This particular exposure draft has been able to take into consideration for the mandatory use of comprehensive income to recognize some of the impacts of interest rates or the insurance contracts on the associated assets (Ifrs.org, 2017). The exposure draft is for the recommended the IASB gram and a model, which will allow the var ious types of changes, associated to carrying amount of the insurance contract and fair value for supporting the reflections of the profit or losses. Some of the other considerations of the exposure draft have been seen with key terms, which are in response to the feedbacks on specific proposals, effect of the standard and description of the issues which were raised but not targeted by IASB. Agreement with the various groups with examples The agreements with the various groups are discussed with the following: Accounting bodies:- The main form of accounting bodies are seen in terms of implementing the various procedures for the exposure drafts. The accounting bodies are also expected to follow the relevant amendments made in the exposure drafts. Some of the main examples of the accounting bodies are seen in terms of Institute of Public accountants (IPA), CPA Australia (CPA) and Chartered Accountants Australia. These accounting entities are expected to abide by the rulings made in the exposure draft. Corporate bodies: The corporate bodies are also expected to disclose the necessary financial information associated with insurance declaration and the use of newly amended exposure drafts based on the comment letters. The corporate bodies needs to make the necessary changes as per stated by the new rules of the exposure drafts. For instance, in case of definition of portfolio is required, the corporate bodies needs to make sure that the contract is able to take into consideration how the business is able to manage these portfolio. Industry: The industry as a whole is also identified to be a major user of the various types of amendments made in the exposure draft. For instance, in a diary manufacturing company if the companies are stated to produce the insurance of the shipment in a certain way then all the companies under this needs to follow the exposure draft for that particular industry. Companies: The various types of companies based in Australia are also seen to be acting as a major user of these exposure drafts. Rationale for interpreting the comment letter against regulation Based on the several types of consideration it in the comment letter it can be stated that the various amendments made in these cannot be interpreted as being against the regulation. This is mainly due to the fact of standardization of norms for all the accounting bodies, companies and industry associated to a particular business. Opinion on the theory is used for regulation The opinions based on public interest-based experience the regulation of the exposure drafts. It has been seen that the main purpose of the comment letters on the exposure drafts is able to provide the main rationale for the companies to follow the newer form of regulation and this is applicable to all the companies, industry and accounting bodies. Conclusion Based on the several types of the discussions it has been seen contractual service margin and re measuring of the fulfillment of cash flow has been done by using present information. The main principle of the exposure draft has been further seen in terms of measurement model for insurance contract liabilities and reasonable approximation is associated to measurement of the same. The rationale for the description of the issues in the various agreements has been seen to be made in terms of the companies, which are identified as the direct users of these exposure drafts. The discussion based on the study has been able to provide various types of ethical approaches, legal behaviour and the state the rational whether the tax regulation has been developed as per public interest and captured by the big business. The main company the exhibition has been identified in form of pharmaceutical companies such as Pfizer, Procter Gamble and Glaxosmithkline. The technological companies has been seen in terms of Google, Chevron and Apple. It has been further depicted that the companies are seen to avoid the taxes by application of thin capitalization or debt loading. It is an further seen that the general people of Australia are the main sufferers as they are seen to be paying taxes higher than multinational corporations. In turn , the multinational organisations are criticised for inflating the overall losses and shifting profits to tax haven locations for robbing the crucial investment in the hospitals and schools. References ABC News. (2016).98 private companies earning over $200m pay no tax: ATO. [online] Available at: https://www.abc.net.au/news/2016-03-22/ato-30pc-of-large-private-companies-pay-no-tax/7266454 [Accessed 29 Apr. 2017]. ABC News. (2016).No tax paid by more than a third of large companies. [online] Available at: https://www.abc.net.au/news/2016-12-09/corporate-taxes-not-paid-by-more-than-one-third-of-companies/8106480 [Accessed 29 Apr. 2017]. ABC News. (2016).Which companies pay no tax? Search the database. [online] Available at: https://www.abc.net.au/news/2016-12-09/tax-data-transparency-ato/8106178 [Accessed 29 Apr. 2017]. Aston, H. (2016).How 76 profitable companies left Australian taxpayers $5.6 billion out of pocket. [online] The Sydney Morning Herald. Available at: https://www.smh.com.au/business/federal-budget/how-76-profitable-companies-left-australian-taxpayers-56-billion-out-of-pocket-20160419-goa6o2.html [Accessed 29 Apr. 2017]. Butt, N. (2015).Which companies are not paying tax. [online] The Sydney Morning Herald. Available at: https://www.smh.com.au/business/the-economy/which-of-australias-biggest-companies-are-not-paying-tax-20151216-glpl3a.html [Accessed 29 Apr. 2017]. Huffington Post Australia. (2017).A Third Of Australia's Largest Companies Paid No Tax In 2014/2015. [online] Available at: https://www.huffingtonpost.com.au/2016/12/08/a-third-of-australias-largest-companies-paid-no-tax-in-2014-201/ [Accessed 29 Apr. 2017]. Ifrs.org. (2017). [online] Available at: https://www.ifrs.org/Current-Projects/IASB-Projects/Insurance-Contracts/Exposure-Draft-June-2013/Documents/ED-Insurance-Contracts-June-2013.pdf [Accessed 29 Apr. 2017]. Ifrs.org. (2017).IFRS - Insurance Contracts. [online] Available at: https://www.ifrs.org/Current-Projects/IASB-Projects/Insurance-Contracts/Pages/Insurance-Contracts.aspx [Accessed 29 Apr. 2017]. Ifrs.org. (2017).IFRS - Insurance Contracts: Exposure Draft Comment letters (ED/2015/11). [online] Available at: https://www.ifrs.org/Current-Projects/IASB-Projects/Insurance-Contracts/Exposure-Draft-December-2015/Pages/default.aspx [Accessed 29 Apr. 2017]. The Sydney Morning Herald. (2015).Top ten Australian companies paying no tax. [online] Available at: https://www.smh.com.au/business/the-economy/top-ten-australian-companies-paying-no-tax-20151217-glpr80.html [Accessed 29 Apr. 2017].

Separate but Equal

Martin Luther King greatly contributed to the development of civil rights movement in the United States; in his books and essays, he was able to shape public views on the ethical aspects of civil disobedience and protests against social injustice and laws. This paper is aimed at discussing his famous Letter from Birmingham Jail. Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Separate but Equal specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More In particular, it is necessary to analyze this work in terms of ethos, pathos, and logos and the way in which King balances these three appeals in order to convince the readers. It should be taken into consideration that King’s letter was a response to the Public Statement by Eight Alabama Clergymen or Call for Unity. To a great extent, its authors disapproved demonstrations against segregation and urged African-American community to withstand their rights in courts, rather than organize public pro tests. This suggestion was hardly acceptable for Martin Luther King. Overall, it is possible to argue that King is able to show that civil disobedience is a legitimate way of bringing social change. This is the main thesis that should be analyzed. At first, Martin Luther King makes an explicit appeal to ethos or credibility of the speaker. In other words, he tries to demonstrate that he is competent and knowledgeable enough in order to represent the black community. For instance, he points out that he was â€Å"president of the Southern Christian Leadership Conference† (King unpaged). Furthermore, he speaks about the work of this organization and its principles, especially the avoidance of violence and crime (King unpaged). It is important to remember that King’s letter was a response to the statement made important clergymen of Alabama (Public Statement by Eight Alabama Clergymen). By appealing to ethos, King attempts to demonstrate that he was equally suitable for th e positions of leadership in the community. Furthermore, he appeals to the credibility in order to challenge the ideas expressed by his opponents who accused him of extremism (Public Statement by Eight Alabama Clergymen unpaged). For example, he notes that Martin Luther, who was the leading figure, could also be called an extremist (King unpaged). In this way, the author wishes to show that activism is vital for overcoming injustice. One can argue that Martin Luther King successfully appeals to credibility and his claims appear to be more substantiated.Advertising Looking for essay on rhetoric? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Additionally the author pays much attention to the use of pathos or emotions that prompt readers to feel empathy for the black community. In other words, he makes readers experience the challenges faced by African-Americans. In particular, the author describes the injustice of segregation laws and their i mpact on the life of a human being. For instance, he speaks about the feelings of a father who has to tell his daughter that â€Å"she can’t go to the public amusement park that has just been advertised on television† (King unpaged). This is a direct reference to the segregation laws established in the United States; these rules prohibited black people from entering parks, restaurants, and so forth. Such an example can convince every person that segregation laws can hardly be called just. On the whole, Martin King does make readers empathize with the suffering with the black people who were deprived of many opportunities. This is one of King’s major achievements. Finally, the author appeals to the rationality of the readers in order to highlight the necessity for public protest against the segregation and discrimination. For example, he argues that community has to take action in order to bring improvements or change legislation that is considered to be unjust ( King unpaged). Furthermore, Martin Luther King notes that social progress is possible only because some people decided to challenge the authority of the state. For instance, he mentions Socrates who insisted on the intellectual freedom of philosophers and educators (King unpaged). To a great extent, his behavior could be viewed as disobedience to the law, but nowadays, no one can say that his actions were unethical. Furthermore, King speaks about the famous Boston Tea Party that was an important event in history of the American Revolution. People, who were engaged in this protest, were regarded as criminals or rebels, but later they turned into national heroes. Each of these examples is rather eloquent and convincing. In this way, King succeeds in disputing the arguments expressed by the clergymen of Alabama. His letter shows how citizens are obliged to protest against laws deny people their rights. It is possible to say that he succeeds in explaining his ideas to the readers.Advert ising We will write a custom essay sample on Separate but Equal specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More On the whole, King’s Letter is a good example of public rhetoric. The author is able to use ethos, logos, and pathos in order to make his arguments more convincing. He appeals to credibility, emotions, and logic to show that segregation laws can hardly be called just, and that individuals have a right to protest. The author was able to give a response to the critics of civil disobedience. Even now this letter is worth attention, because it enables readers better understand the ethical aspects of public protest and civil disobedience. Works Cited King, Martin 1963, Letter from Birmingham Jail. Web. http://www.africa.upenn.edu/Articles_Gen/Letter_Birmingham.html . Public Statement by Eight Alabama Clergymen 1963. Web. https://www.massresistance.org/docs/gen/09a/mlk_day/statement.html. This essay on Separate but Equal was written and submitted by user Kaelyn Odonnell to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Aboriginals in Canada and Mexico essays

Aboriginals in Canada and Mexico essays For many years, Aboriginal people in Canada and Mexico have fought for political sovereignty and self-government. While Canada and Mexico are two different countries with two different cultures and histories, the Aboriginal peoples fight in both countries is strikingly similar. Both groups of people have been fighting a war against assimilation and the utter destruction of their culture. While some groups have lost parts of their culture to absorption, these Aboriginals strive to preserve or regain any parts of their heritage that they can. They have been overwhelmed by European colonies and societies and have come under their rule. Aboriginal people in Canada and Mexico are expected to live under Canadian or Mexican government when they are a different people than those who attempt to preside over them. These Aboriginal people have to come to believe that the respective governments should grant autonomy and that they should be able to be their own separate entity within the already established borders of Canada and Mexico. Learning about Canadas history lends some background on how the native peoples there became repressed. Surprisingly enough, European settlers and explorers first treated the Natives of North America as a sovereign nation, completely equal in law. Relations between Europeans and Natives varied from friendly trades to hostile battles, yet the Natives were never defeated or surrendered in any way. Conversely, many Indian groups did end up signing treaties with Europeans that would continue to haunt them for generations to come. Once the Natives came under settler rule, the Europeans planned that eventually find a place for Aboriginals in the social contract (8). Still, this posed a problem for both groups because European settlers could not see the Aboriginal people as fit for inclusion in their society. Instead Indians were seen as a primitive civilization with no rights to citizenship. So...

An Experiential Anthropology Dissertation Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4000 words

An Experiential Anthropology - Dissertation Example Cultural anthropology or socio-cultural anthropology is the study of culture (Delaney, 2004). Cultural anthropology centers on ethnography, which refers to either the methodology or the product of research i.e. a book or monograph. Ethnography is largely inductive, relying on participant observation. Under cultural anthropology lies the ethnology technique that focuses on the systematic comparison of various cultures. Ethnography utilizes the process of participant-observation. Cultural anthropology focuses on the study of kinship and covers other areas such as political and economic organization, conflict resolution and law, consumption patterns, technology, material culture, infrastructure, ethnicity, gender relations, religion, myth, socialization, values, etiquette, language, festivals, recreation, and sports among others. Biological or physical anthropology, on the other hand, refers to anthropological research centered on the examination of human and non-human primates within t heir evolutionary, demographic, and biological dimensions. In essence, biological anthropology examines the social and biological influencers of the evolution of mankind and primates which create, sustain, or alter physiological and genetic variations. Biological anthropology involves the study of primatology, which involves the examination of non-humans within their geographical environments to learn about the abilities and behavioral patterns of primates (Delaney, 2004). Biological anthropology also involves the study of human biology, which involves examining human diversity, non-cultural adaptations with regard to environmental elements, and genetic inheritance patterns. Archaeological anthropology refers to the examination of human records by examining its artifacts. This study involves the examination of material remains of human beings to discover how people lived. For instance, pieces of artifacts like tools and pottery provide evidence of cultural and social lives of past s ocieties. Archaeological anthropologists are typically detectives who uncover evidence through excavating, dating and analyzing material remains of past societies. This means archaeologists have a deep comprehension of the expansion of human civilizations and societies by analyzing human ancestors. Linguistic anthropology or anthropological linguistics aims at understanding the development of human communication, language variations through space and time, verbal and non-verbal communication, social functions of language, and the link between culture and language. Linguistic anthropology links linguistic analysis and methods to the interpretation of sociocultural processes. In order to do this, linguistic anthropologists draw on fields such as cognitive linguistics, discourse analysis, sociolinguistics, semiotics, narrative analysis, and pragmatics.  

Relationship Between Theories of Motivation Assignment - 78

Relationship Between Theories of Motivation - Assignment Example Stacy Adam’s equity theory states that people are motivated when they feel fairly or advantageously treated as opposed to when they feel disaffection and demotivated due to unfair treatment (Mind Tools) while Vroom in his expectancy theory, stated that employees are realized to do what they can do when they want to do it (Vroom). According to his expectancy factors of Expectancy, Instrumentality and Valence, this theory has an implication in Adam’s equity theory in that as equity theory explains that the input of an employee is commensurate to their expectation of the organization, an employee, therefore, requires to work hard so as to achieve their desired level of performance. It means one who puts a little effort will expect little outcome from the organization, therefore, the motivation is brought about by the level of performance one would like to achieve. Since Vroom believes that successful performance will be followed by rewards and desirable outcomes, therefore , the equity theory enables one to only expect an outcome just compared to the amount of effort they put in the organization. Edward Locke introduces the third theory: the goal-setting theory, which enhances satisfaction and work performance (Mind Tools). Managers and leaders must work together with others so as to set the right goals in the right way and set harder goals since the harder the goal, the higher the motivation. However, the goals must be Specific, Measurable, Achievable, Realistic and Timely (SMART) (Reilly, Minnick and Baack). According to Vroom, hard work pays and when an employee expects a high compensation in terms of pay or praise, they must work hard for it. So, the goal setting theory will help the employee to achieve better job performance since they will be able to set hard goals which come with  high motivation hence enable them to achieve what they believed to be high dreams.